Studied by 3 people
When did the first vertebrates appear in the fossil record?
500 million years ago
What were the first vertebrates to appear in the fossil record?
Jawless fishes
What Kingdom do vertebrates belong to?
Kingdom Animalia
What phylum do vertebrates belong to?
Phylum Chordata
What subphylum do vertebrates belong to?
Subphylum Vertebrata
What are the four basic chordate characteristics?
Notochord Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord Pharyngeal Slits and Pouches Postanal Tail
Do all vertebrates have a notochord?
Yes, it is present during embryonic development in all vertebrates
What is the most primitive living vertebrate?
Hagfish
What is an example of a primitive chordate?
Amphioxus
What does Paleozoic mean?
"Old Animals"
What is the Devonian Period known as?
Age of Fishes
What is the Mesozoic Era known as?
Age of Reptiles
When did the first mammals appear in the fossil record?
Early Mesozoic Era
What is the Cenozoic Era known as?
Age of Mammals
What is the first bird to appear in the fossil record?
Achaeopteryx
Who proposed the Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics?
Jean Baptiste-Lamarck (i.e. Lamarkism)
Who wrote Principles of Geology?
Sir Charles Lyell
Who is known as the "Father of Geology"?
Sir Charles Lyell
Who developed the Geologic Time Scale?
Sir Charles Lyell
Who wrote An Essay on the Principle of Population?
Thomas Malthus
Who was first to propose survival of the fittest?
Thomas Malthus
Are the Galapagos Islands isolated?
Yes, 600 miles West of Equador
How old are the Galapagos Islands?
Relatively young, 1-4 million years old
Who proposed evolution through natural selection?
Charles Darwin
Who independently generated the idea that evolution occurs by means of natural selection? (not Darwin)
Alfred Wallace
Why was Gregor Mendel's work important?
It provided a basis by which traits are passed on from one generation to the next
What is Neo-Darwinism?
A combination of Darwinian evolution and Mendelian genetics
What is evolution?
A change in the genetic composition of a population over time
What is natural selection?
The environment favors traits that are advantageous and works to increase the fitness of an organism in a given environment
What is fitness?
The ability to survive and reproduce
What does the term homologous mean?
Structures that have the same embryonic origin
Who coined the phrase "Ontogeny Recapitulates Phylogeny"?
Ernest Haeckel
What are the two components of the modern species definition?
Organisms that are genetically distinct and genetically isolated
What is allopatric speciation?
Geographic isolation which results in speciation
What is sympatric speciation?
speciation without geographic isolation
Sculpins of Lake Baikal are often used as an example of which type of speciation?
Sympatric speciation
Darwin's finches are believed to have evolved through which type of speciation?
Both allopatric and sympatric speciation
What is a common example of allopatric speciation?
Galapagos Turtles
Who used "Binomial Nomenclature" for species names?
Carolus Linnaeus
Who is the Father of Modern Taxonomy?
Carolus Linnaeus
What is a monophyletic group?
a group that includes all members hypothesized to be derived from a common ancestor
What is a paraphyletic group?
a group that that does not include all members hypothesized to be derived from a common ancestor
Carbon-14 is useful for dating fossils that are how old?
Less than 50,000 years old
How old is the Earth?
Approximately 4.5 billion years old
What is the "Cambrian Explosion" known for?
The significant increase in the number of organisms in the fossil record
What is the oldest chordate known in the fossil record?
Pikaia
What is the species name for humans?
Homo sapiens
What is the species name for dogs?
Canis Familiaris
When do the first amphibian-like tetrapods appear in the fossil record?
Devonian Period
Where does the Carboniferous Period gets its name from?
It gets its name from the fact that the sediments are rich in Carbon and fossil fuels
Was the Dimetrodon a dinosaur?
No, the Dimetrodon was a mammal-like reptile
When do the first mammal-like reptiles appear in the fossil record?
Permian Period
What species appear during the Triassic Period?
The first turtles, first dinosaurs, first crocodiles, and first mammals
When do the first birds appear in the fossil record?
Jurassic Period
Were the Pterosaurs birds or dinosaurs?
Neither, they were a group of flying reptiles
When was the K-T (Cretaceous-Tertiary) mass extinction?
End of the Mesozoic Era
Who published The Geographical Distribution of Animals?
Alfred Wallace
What is the Wallace Line?
Line determined by Alfred Wallace denoting the divide of species in Southeast Asia and Australia
When do the Ostracoderms appear in the fossil record?
Late Cambrian Period
What Era do both mammals and birds raditate?
Cenozoic Era
In what environment do we see fishes during the Devonian Period?
Fishes are abundant in both maire and freshwater environments
Who developed the theory of continental drift?
Alfred Wegener
Who proposed the existence of a supercontinent called Pangea?
Alfred Wegener
When did Pangea exist?
Triassic Period, 200 million years ago
When did Pangea break up?
At the end of the Mesozoic Era
When did the Panama "land bridge" form?
3 million years ago
Are vertebrates protostomes or deuterostomes?
Deuterostomes
Why are tunicates considered chordates?
Their free-swimming larva have the 4 main chordate characteristics
What was Walter Garstang's hypothesis?
First vertebrates could have developed from larval stages of invertebrates that did not undergo metamorphosis to adult stage
What is paedomorphosis?
Retaining larval characteristics into ddulthood
Where do Urochordates and Cephalochordates live?
In Marine environments
When was the height of the last Ice Age?
18,000 years ago
How many living vertebrate species are there?
60,000
What are the two groups of Agnathans?
Hagfish and Lamprey
What is considered a shared derived characteristic of mammals?
Hair
What are the oldest fossils that have been found on Earth?
Prokaryotic fossils estimated to be 3.5 billion years old
When are the first Jawed fishes (Acanthodians and Placoderms) found in the fossil record?
Silurian Period
What are the most advanced group of fishes?
Teleost fishes
What are the most primitive ray-finned fishes?
Chondrostei (sturgeon, paddlefish, bichir)
What class do ray-finned fishes belong to?
Class Actinopterygii
What class do fleshy, lobefin fishes belong to?
Class Sarcopterygii
What groups of organisms make up the Chondrichthyes?
Sharks, skates, rays, and Holocephali (chimeras)
Who explored the Amazon, Malaysia, and Indonesia?
Alfred Wallace
What are the 5 traditional groups of vertebrates?
Fishes Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals
What is a "simultaneous" hermaphrodite?
An organism that is both sexes at the same time
What is a sequential hermaphrodite?
An organism that changes sex during its life
What does gonochoristic mean?
Animals with two separate sexes
When do the oldest hominid fossils appear in the fossil record?
5 million years ago
What was the first book Darwin published?
The Voyage of the Beagle
Who popularized the Biological Species Concept?
Ernst Mayr
What is the Biological Species Concept?
Species are groups that:
Have Similar characteristics
Are Capable of interbreeding
Are Reproductively isolated
What are "primitive" characteristics?
Characteristics hypothesized to be the same as ancestral characteristic
What are ''derived' characteristics?
Characteristics hypothesized to be newly acquired
Where have the best fossils from the Cambrian Period been found?
In the "Burgess Shale" in British Columbia near Calgary, Canada
When is the first appearance of the amniotic egg?
Carboniferous Period
What is the Jurassic Period known as?
Age of Dinosaurs
When do the first placental mammals appear in the fossil record?
Tertiary Period
What period are human fossils found?
Quaternary Period
When do the first reptiles appear in the fossil record?
Late Carboniferous Period
How many pairs of cranial nerves do the Hagfish and Lamprey have?
10 pairs
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