Chapter 6: Skeletal System: Bones and Joints

These flashcards cover key concepts from the skeletal system, including functions, cell types, processes, and the effects of aging.

What are the primary functions of the skeletal system?

Support, mineral storage, blood cell production, protection, and movement.

What are the two divisions of the skeletal system?

Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton.

What is the difference between intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification?

Intramembranous ossification occurs within connective tissue membranes, while endochondral ossification occurs inside hyaline cartilage.

What are the four general shapes of bones?

Long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones.

What characterizes spongy bone compared to compact bone?

Spongy bone has no osteons and is found at the epiphyses and centers of other bones.

What types of cells are involved in bone remodeling?

Osteoblasts (build bone) and osteoclasts (break down bone).

What is the role of osteocytes in bone tissue?

Osteocytes are mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix.

How does aging affect the skeletal system?

Aging leads to osteopenia and can progress to osteoporosis, decreasing bone density and strength.

What is the epiphyseal plate's function?

It allows for lengthwise growth of long bones during childhood.

What is bone remodeling and why is it important?

Bone remodeling involves the removal and deposition of bone, important for repair and adapting to stress.

What is calcitonin and what is its function?

Calcitonin is a hormone that inhibits osteoclast activity, lowering blood calcium levels.

What dietary factors are important for bone growth?

Calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D3, and other vitamins (A, C, K) support bone health.

What is osteoporosis, and who is most at risk?

Osteoporosis is a condition where bone mass decreases significantly, more common in postmenopausal women.

What occurs during the process of bone fracture repair?

Formation of a fracture hematoma, callus formation, ossification, and remodeling.

What happens to bones without mechanical stress?

They become weaker due to decreased collagen fibers and mineral loss.

What role do hormones play in bone metabolism?

Hormones such as growth hormone, thyroid hormones, and sex hormones influence bone growth and remodeling.