Media and Information Literacy Exam

All 3rd Qtr Lessons

Communication

• the act or process of using words, sounds, signs, or behaviors to express or exchange information or to express your ideas, thoughts, feelings, etc., to someone else

• the exchange of information and the

  expression of feeling that can result in

  understanding

Non-Verbal Communication

Basic Type of Communication

• Signs

• Symbols

• Colors

• Gestures

• body language

• facial expressions

Verbal Communication

Basic Type of Communication

• Oral

• Written

Sender → Medium → Receiver → Message → Feedback

What are the Elements of the Communication Process?

Lasswell’s Transmission model of Communication(1984)

• a one-way, linear process in which a sender encodes a message and transmits it through a channel to a receiver who decodes it

Berlo’s SMCR Model of Communication(1960)

• describes the different components that form the basic process of communication.

• Because this communication tool also emphasises the coding and decoding of the message, it can be used for more efficient communication.

Literacy

• the ability to understand, interpret, create, communicate, and compute, using printed and written materials associated with varying contexts

• can also mean that a person is knowledgable or well versed about a specific subject

Accuracy

Criteria for a Reliable Source

• verification of the information against the information found

Authority

Criteria for a Reliable Source

• trustworthiness of the source (author, institution)

Coverage

Criteria for a Reliable Source

• examination of the content and how it fits your information needs

Media

• the physical objects used to communicate with, or the mass communication through physical objects such as radio, television, computer, film, and the like.

• A broad term encompassing various channels and tools used to communicate, inform, and entertain.

• Plays a major role in modern-day society.

• Refers to the content itself, the platforms through which it is delivered, or the broader media industry as a whole.

Media Literacy

• the ability to access, analyze, evaluate, and create media in a variety of forms.

• It aims to empower citizens by providing them with the competencies necessary to engage with traditional and new technologies.

Information

• a broad term that covers processed data, knowledge derived from study, experience, instruction, signals, or symbols.

Information Literacy

• the ability to recognize when information is needed, and to locate, evaluate, and effectively communicate information in its various forms.

Technology Literacy

• the ability of an individual to use technological tools responsibly, appropriately, and effectively.

• Using these tools, an individual can access, manage, integrate, evaluate, create, and communicate information.

Media and Information Literacy

• the essential skill that allows individuals to engage with media and other information providers effectively.

• Develops critical thinking and lifelong learning skills to help us socialize and become active citizens.

Tribal Age

Evolution of Media

• During this age, the primary mode of communication is oral communication.

• people were required to listen so they wouldn't get left out. Sense of hearing or Auditory sense was the most dominant sense.

• Because they did not have a language yet, no alphabet or way of writing, people were forced to stick to their tribes to survive.

• Equality of information was practiced at this age. What one member knows should be known by everyone else.

Age of Literacy

Evolution of Media

• The Alphabet was introduced to the people. They discovered how to read and to write.

• People utilized their sense of sight. Unlike the Tribal age, wherein they mainly used their sense of hearing, this time they used their eyes to recognize symbols, signs and words.

• Private communication was developed as well. Since they already knew how to read and write, information can be transferred privately already.

Print Age

Evolution of Media

• During this age, the Gutenberg Press, a printing press made by Johannes Gutenberg, was developed. It made the dissemination of information easier as so many more copies of texts reached the masses.

• Books, newspapers, and other print media were created with the help of this printing press.

• Aside from the printing press, other machineries were also created, and this was the start of the industrial age as well.

Industrial Age(1700s-1930s)

Evolution of Media

• People used the power of steam, developed machine tools, established iron production, and the manufacturing of various products(including books through the printing press)

Electronic Age(1930s - 1980s)

Evolution of Media

• The invention of the transistor ushered in this age

• People harnessed the power of transistors that led to the transistor radio, electronic circuits, and the early computers

• In this age, long-distance communication became more efficient

Information Age(1900s to 2000s)

Evolution of Media

• At this age, the internet paved the way for faster communication and the creation of the social network

• People advanced the use of microelectronics with the invention of personal computers, mobile devices, and wearable technology.

• Moreover, voice, image, sound, and data are digitalized

Channel

Roles and Functions of Media in a Democratic Society

• provides opportunities for people to communicate, share ideas, speculate, tell stories and give information

Watchdog

Roles and Functions of Media in a Democratic Society

• exposes corrupt practices of the government and the private sector.

• Creating a space wherein governance is challenged or scrutinized by the governed.

• It also guarantees free and fair elections

Resource Center

Roles and Functions of Media in a Democratic Society

• Act as a gateway of information for the society’s

  consumption.

• Also, it becomes a keeper of memories of the community, a preserver of heritage, and source of academic knowledge.

Advocate

Roles and Functions of Media in a Democratic Society

• through its diverse sources or formats, it

  bridges the gap of digital divide.

Pre-colonial Period

History of Media in the Philippines

• During this time, Filipinos disseminated public information through a town crier which they call ‘umalohokan.’ This person shouts the news from one town to another.

• Ancient Filipinos had their own system of writing called ‘baybayin and kavi.‘ They wrote their scripts on the leaves using the bark from trees.

Spanish Period

History of Media in the Philippines

• Two of the biggest contributions of this period to the Filipinos are Print media and Christianity.

• This is why the first ever book published in the Philippines is Doctrina Christiana which is about Christian Doctrines.

• There were several firsts during this period, like:

  • Aviso Al Publico - first Spanish Sheet of Information,

  • Del Superior Gobierno - first regular newspaper, and

  • La Esperanza - first daily newspaper.

  • Diario de Manila - a nationalistic leaflet used by the Katipuneros, who have been in the business for 50 years.

• Aside from Print media, Cinema was introduced during this period in 1897.

• Petierra, introduced motion pictures to Filipinos and from then it was developed until Antonio Ramos, a soldier, opened a movie house in Manila for the public.

American Period

History of Media in the Philippines

• In this period, newspapers published by American journalists were introduced, such as The Manila Times and Manila Daily Bulletin.

• During this period, nationalistic newspapers emerged again like The Philippine Herald, which was organized by Manuel L. Quezon. El Nuevo Dia was founded by Sergio Osmena.

• The first radio station in the Philippines was introduced during this period as well. It was KZKZ which was run by American Soldier Henry Herman.

Japanese Period

History of Media in the Philippines

• Come World War II, the ________ conquerors disbanded all publications in the Philippines except those used by the ________ Government such as Manila Tribune, Taliba, and La Vanguardia.

• Despite this, underground papers still made rounds in the country. After the war, the Philippine Press was considered the “freest in Asia."

Martial Law Period

History of Media in the Philippines

• During this period, few newspapers operated such as Daily Express, Bulletin Today, and the Times Journal.

• The media during this time was fully censored

Post Martial Law Period

History of Media in the Philippines

• After Martial Law, censorship was lifted and freedom of expression, speech and the press were reinstituted because of the People Power Revolution.

• The Internet was first made available through the help of Benjie Tan at a PLDT network in Makati. Since then, different innovations have been created because of this.

Media Richness Theory/Information Richness Theory

• Introduced by Richard Daft and Robert Lengel in 1980s

• suggests that different communication channels have different levels of richness, or the ability to convey information effectively

• is the amount of social presence the type of

  media channel has

1. ability to handle multiple information cues simultaneously

2. ability to facilitate rapid feedback

3. ability to establish a personal feedback

4. ability to use natural language, and

5. ability to express emotions

According to the Media Richness Theory, Richness is determined by what five qualities?

1. Identifying/Recognizing information needs

2. Determining sources of information

3. CIting or searching for information

4. Analyzing and evaluating the quality of information

5. Organizing, storing or archiving information

6. Using information in an ethical, efficient and effective way

7. Creating and communication new knowledge

What are the Stages/Elements of Information Literacy?

Data

• refers to unstructured facts and figures that create the least impact on the receiver.

• They are just there existing because we do not put a great deal of effort into processing them.

Information

• processed data.

• Out of all the things that you see, a certain set of details will get your attention and you shall find time to understand it.

• These details will be processed, assuming that it is something that you are interested in.

• The data then becomes ___________

Knowledge

• refers to human understanding, based on experience, learning, and thinking.

• When the information you acquire plants a seed in your memory, enabling you to understand it thoroughly, as well as interpret and apply it, then the information becomes _________

Primary Source

Type of Information Sources

• an original, uninterpreted, first-hand material of information.

• if you are narrating what you have experienced directly.

• include artifacts, documents, recordings, autobiographies, personal letters, photos, diaries, and manuscripts.

Secondary Source

Type of Information Sources

• provides information obtained from a primary source.

• Since the information has been transferred already, this might undergo interpretation and editing based on how it was understood.

• References such as books, articles, magazines, and newspapers are considered this kind of source

Tertiary Source

Type of Information Sources

• a collection of both primary and secondary sources.

Indigenous Sources

Type of Information Sources

• A material is indigenous when it exists naturally in a particular region or environment.

• When we refer to someone as indigenous, it connotes that the person belongs to an ethnic tribe that has preserved and still practices the culture and tradition of their ancestors.

General Reference Section

Sections of a Library

• This section houses a collection of extensive general reference materials, which are intended to be consulted for a particular question or query, rather than read thoroughly.

Circulation Section

Sections of a Library

• This section houses and circulates the major library collection covering the different areas of the discipline.

• users can go directly to the shelf and choose the books they would like to browse or use.

• All books in this section may be borrowed for overnight use.

Periodical Section

Sections of a Library

• This section houses journals, magazines, newspapers, and other serial literature.

• professional journals are grouped according to subject.  

• Current issues are displayed on the display shelves.

Filipiniana Section

Sections of a Library

• consists of publications about the Philippines, in all its aspects—cultural, political, social, religious, economic, and others regardless of author and imprints.

• The collection covers a range of reading materials designed to meet the instructional and research needs of library users.

The Search Engine

Other sources of information

• It is a program capable of searching documents on the web using specific keywords.

• It displays a list of websites when keywords are entered in the search field

Internet

Other sources of information

• it is our go-to place for information as it is easy to use.

• also helps us filter the information we are looking for.

• shows the most relevant information and distinguishes what is least relevant.

Indigenous media

Other sources of information

• a form of media created, produced, and conceptualized by indigenous people.

• They serve as vehicles for communication.

• Information coming from them might not be available on the internet and online yet.

1. “edu“

2. “gov”

3. “org“

Useful URL Information

1. Stands for an educational institution

2. Represents Government Agencies

3. Pertains to an organization

Intellectual Property

Ethical Use of Information

• Inventions, literary and artistic works, designs and symbols, and names and images used in commerce are governed by IP.

• Through the IP, a person is credited as the rightful and original owner of his work.

Copyright

Intellectual Property

• protects the owner of his exclusive legal rights for the use and distribution of an original work.

• can expire

• This is an exclusive right of an IP owner to sell, reproduce, or distribute a material that they created.

• is automatically given to an IP owner upon conception of their work.

Trademark

Intellectual Property

• If copyright protects literary works, the _________ on the other hand protects identities.

• It could be a slogan, logo, or name/brand that identifies a company or organization.

• require registration

• Once that has been filed and approved, no other party can use it.

Patent

Intellectual Property

• awarded by the government to industrial processes and inventions.

• It also gives the creator an exclusive right to use, sell, or manufacture IPs.

Citation

Ethical Use of Information

• used to inform the readers that certain texts or ideas on his work came from another source.

Public Domain

Ethical Use of Information

• Once the duration of the copyright ceases, the work becomes available for ______ ______.

Fair Use

Ethical Use of Information

• refers to the limitation and the exception to the exclusive right granted by copyright law to the author of a creative work.

• not an infringement of copyright

1. The purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is commercial or is for non-profit educational purposes;

2. The nature of the copyrighted work;

3. The amount and substantiality of the portion used with the copyrighted work as a whole; and

4. The effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work

What are the factors to determine fair use?

Plagiarism

Information Deceit

• Using someone else's work and ideas,

• whether deliberately or not.

• by virtue, is tantamount to stealing one's idea.

Fabrication

Information Deceit

• it is the production of data or result and reporting them as true and correct.

• Example of this is when a researcher answers the survey themselves, instead of looking for respondents to do it for the sake of producing data.

Falsification

Information Deceit

• manipulation or modification of data to meet a certain result.

Digital Divide

• the gap between digitally adept individuals and non-digitally adept ones.

1. Flaming

2. Harassment

3. Cyberstalking

4. Denigration

5. Masquerade

6. Outing and Trickery

7. Exclusion

What are the forms of Cyberbullying?

Print Media

Type of Media

• oldest form of media

• Used for entertainment, advertisements, and

  as a source of information.

• refers to paper publications such as books, newspapers, magazines, journals, newsletters, and other materials that are physically printed on paper.

Broadcast Media

Type of Media

• consists of programs produced by television networks and radio stations.

• RADIO, TELEVISION, and FILM are three forms of this media.

New Media(Internet)

Type of Media

• digital media that are interactive and incorporate

  two-way communication products and services that provide information or entertainment using computers or the internet, and not by traditional methods such as television and newspapers

• Examples of this media: Webpage, Hypertext, Instant Messaging, E-mail, Distance Eduction, E-Book, Social Media, Forums, Podcasts

Mass Media

• reaches large number of people in short time

Media Effects

• intended or unintended consequences of what the mass media does (McQuail, 2010)

Third-party Theory

Media Effects

• individuals will perceive media messages to have greater effects on other people than on themselves

• Example: seeing an advert for a car, when you're not in the market for a new car

Reciprocal Effect

Media Effects

• When a person or event gets media attention, it

  influences the way the person acts or the way the

  event functions.

• Media coverage often increases self-consciousness, which affects our actions.

Boomerang Effect

Media Effects

• refers to media-induced change that is counter to the desired change

Cultivation Theory(George Gerbner)

Media Effects

• states that media exposure, specifically to television, shapes our social reality by giving us

  a distorted view of the amount of violence and risk in the world

Agenda-setting Theory(Lippmann/McCombs and Shaw)

Media Effects

• process whereby the mass media determine what we think and worry about public reacts not to actual events but to the pictures in our head, created by media

Propaganda Model of Media Control(Herman & Chomsky)

Media Effects

• The model tries to understand how the population is manipulated, and how the social, economic, and political attitudes are fashioned in the minds of people through propaganda.

Propaganda

• ideas or statements that are often false or exaggerated and that are spread to help a cause, a political leader, a government, etc.

1. Activate strong emotions

2. Simplify information and ideas

3. Respond to audience needs and values

4. Attack opponents

What are the 4 propaganda techniques?

1. Accuracy

2. Reliability

3. Authority and Credibility

4. Purpose and Intended Audience

5. Currency & Timeliness

6. Relevance

What are the factors to consider in Evaluating Information?

Genre

• comes from the French word meaning 'type' or 'class‘

• can be recognized by its common set of distinguishing features (codes and

  conventions)

Codes

• are systems of signs, which create meaning

Technical Codes

Types of Code

• ways in which equipment is used to tell the story

• These kinds of code in media include, Camerawork, Editing, Audio and Lighting

Camerawork

Kind of Technical Code

• refers to how the camera is operated, positioned and moved for specific effects.

• Aspects of this include:

  • Positioning

  • Movement

  • Framing

  • Exposure

  • Lens choice

a. Extreme Wide/Long Shot

b. Wide/Long Shots

c. Medium Shot

d. Medium Close-up

e. Close-up

f. Extreme Close-up

Camera Techniques

• Give the Basic Camera Shots

  a. The subject appears to be far from the camera. Usually used outdoors, often to establish the setting of the following action.

  b. Shot in which the subject is seen in its entirety (head to toe), and much of its surroundings are visible.

  c. Shot in which the subject and the surroundings are given equal importance. Used to direct the viewer attention to a part of something or to show facial expressions in detail.

  d. Subject fills most of the frame, though not as much as in a close-up. Used to direct the viewer's attention to a part of something or to show facial expressions in detail.

  e. Used to direct viewers’ attention to texture or a detail or, probably most often, the expressions on a person’s face.

  f. If the subject is someone’s face, only part of it is visible.

• Two shot

• Cut away

• Over the Shoulder

• Point of View: gives a view like what that creature would see

• Selective Focus

• Arc Shot

• Dutch Angle: the vertical and horizontal lines of the film’s frame is slanted. It used to suggest disorientation

Camera Techniques

• Give the Advance Camera Shots

a. Low Angle:

b. Eye-level

c. High Angle

d. Worm’s eye

e. Canted

f. Bird’s eye

Camera Techniques

• Give the Camera Shot Angles

  a. View of the subject as seen from below eye level. This makes the character look strong, powerful, intimidating, etc.

  b. Approximates the angle at which we usually meet and interact with people. Usually used in basic editing and continuation of scenes when there is no need for emphasis.

  c. View of the subject from above, created by positioning the camera above the subject. This makes the character look weak and vulnerable.

  f. The camera is directly above the subject. This shot is the POV of God. Which may imply that the witness is not related to the scene.

Zoom(in and out)

Camera Techniques

• Changing the camera lens’ focal length to give the illusion of moving the camera closer or further from the subject.

Tilt

Camera Techniques

• Rotating the camera to the left or right in vertical movement

Pedestal

Camera Techniques

• Moving the camera upward or downwards

Pan

Camera Techniques

• Rotating the camera to the left or right in horizontal movement.

Track

Camera Techniques

• Moving the camera from side to side of a subject.

Editing

Kind of Technical Code

• is the process of choosing, manipulating and arranging images and sound.

• Is generally done for four different reasons:

  • Graphic edits

  • Rhythmic edits

  • Spacial edits

  • Temporal edits

Audio

Kind of Technical Code

• is the expressive or naturalistic use of sound.

• can be diegetic(heard by both audience and characters) or non diegetic(purely for the audience’s benefit)

• Three aspects of _____ are:

  • Dialogue

  • Sound effects

  • Music

Lighting

Kind of Technical Code

• Is the manipulation of natural or artificial light to selectively highlight specific elements of the scene

• Its elements include:

  • Quality

  • Direction

  • Source

  • Color

Symbolic Codes

Types of Code

• show what is beneath the surface of what we see (objects, setting, body language, clothing, color, etc. )

• These kinds of codes in media include setting, mise en scene, acting, and colour.

Setting

Kind of Symbolic Codes

• the time and place of the narrative

• the whole story or just a specific scene

• can be as big as the outback or space, or as small as a specific room

• can even be created atmosphere or frame of mind

Mise en scene

Kind of Symbolic Codes

• ‘everything within the frame’

• all the objects within a frame of the media product and how they have been arranged

• An analysis of ____ ___ includes

  • Set Design

  • Costume

  • Props

  • Staging and Composition

Acting

Kind of Symbolic Codes

• Actors portray characters in media products and contribute to character development, creating tension or advancing the narrative.

• The actor portrays a character through:

  • Facial expression

  • Body Language

  • Vocal qualities

  • Movement

  • Body contact

Colour

Kind of Symbolic Codes

• has highly cultural and strong connotations.

• When studying the use of ______ in a

  media product the different aspects to

  be looking at are:

  • Dominant ______

  • Contrasting foils

  • ______ symbolism

Written Code

Types of Code

• formal written language used in a media product

• can be used to advance a narrative, and communicate information about a character or issues and themes in the media product.

• printed language (text within the frame and how it is presented)

• spoken language (dialogue and song lyrics)

Conventions

• accepted ways of using media codes.

• are closely connected to the audience expectations of a media product.

Form Conventions

Type of Conventions

• certain ways we expect types of media’s codes to be arranged