Comprehensive Pulmonary and ENT Procedures: Definitions and Care

Bronchoscopy

Visualization of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi

Bronchoscopy complication

Laryngeal edema

Laryngeal edema sign

High-pitched breath sounds (stridor)

Post-bronchoscopy care

Keep NPO until gag reflex returns

Thoracentesis definition

Needle removal of pleural fluid

Thoracentesis consent

Signed informed consent required

Thoracentesis position

Sitting, leaning forward over table

Thoracentesis max fluid removal

1300 cc in 30 minutes

Thoracentesis post-position

Place on unaffected side

Thoracentesis complication to monitor

Respiratory distress and hypoxia

Sputum specimen collection

Rinse mouth and collect deep cough (not saliva)

Early signs of hypoxia

Tachycardia, vertigo, restlessness, anxiety

Late signs of hypoxia

Cyanosis, hypotension, confusion

Cyanosis definition

Bluish or purple skin discoloration (late hypoxia sign)

Pulse oximetry purpose

Detect early hypoxia

Pulse oximetry limitation

Does not assess heart rhythm

Normal ABG pH

7.35-7.45

Alkalosis pH example

7.49

Post-ABG care

Apply firm pressure

Crackles (rales)

Short bubbling sounds from fluid or mucus

Sibilant wheezes

High-pitched musical squeaking

Sonorous wheezes (rhonchi)

Low-pitched snoring sounds

Pleural friction rub

Grating or creaking sound

Adventitious sounds

Abnormal lung sounds

Orthopnea

Must sit upright to breathe

Orthopnea intervention

Elevate head of bed

Epistaxis management

Lean forward and pinch nose

Epistaxis precaution

Do not tilt head back

Post-nasal surgery care

Do not blow nose

Post-nasal surgery position

Fowler's position

Post-nasal surgery precaution

Avoid deep coughing

Acute rhinitis treatment (children)

Acetaminophen

Vaporizers role

Help symptoms but do not treat pain

Laryngeal cancer risk factors

Smokeless tobacco, smoking, alcohol

Laryngeal cancer metastasis sign

Ear pain

Pre-laryngectomy priority

Discuss communication methods

Post-laryngectomy effect

Cannot smell food

Post-laryngectomy ability

Can swallow after healing

Suctioning instruction

Inhale while catheter is advanced

Tonsillectomy care

Avoid strenuous activity

Tonsillectomy diet

Soft, cool foods

Tonsillectomy pain control

Acetaminophen

Tonsillectomy precaution

No nose blowing

Chest X-ray preparation

Remove metal objects

Chest X-ray consent

Not required

Chest X-ray diet

No restrictions

Tracheostomy

Surgical opening into trachea

COPD definition

Decreased inspiratory and expiratory capacity

Cor pulmonale

Right ventricular hypertrophy due to lung disease

Atelectasis

Collapse of lung tissue

Bronchitis

Inflammation of bronchial tree

Emphysema

Alveolar destruction and over-inflation

Empyema

Pus in pleural cavity

Tachypnea

Rapid respirations

Hypercapnia

High carbon dioxide levels

Hypoxia

Low oxygen at tissue level

Dyspnea

Difficulty breathing

Apneic

Absence of respirations

Hemoptysis

Bloody sputum

Pleural effusion

Fluid in pleural space

Exacerbation

Worsening of condition

Asthma

Episodic airway narrowing due to hyperresponsiveness

Stertorous breathing

Loud snoring respiratory sound

Airway pathway

Nares → Pharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Bronchioles → Alveolar ducts

Test tip early hypoxia

Fast heart rate (tachycardia)

Test tip procedures

Think consent, positioning, safety

Test tip laryngeal conditions

Airway is priority

Test tip pediatrics

Focus on safety