Studied by 10 people
What are you experiencing when you visualize an image?
visual imagery
What are you experiencing when you daydream?
mental imagery
What was the debate where people’s thinking can be thought without images?
imagery thought debate
What experiment included pairing with words and the recall of a word that was paired?
paired associate learning
What happens when participants pair another word with an image and then it is presented and then image is remembered later?
conceptual peg hypothesis
What was measured in the mental rotation experiment?
mental chronometry
What is visual imagery?
Seeing in the absence of visual stimulus
What is mental imagery?
Ability to recreate sensory world in the absence of physical stimuli used to include all senses
What is the Imageless Thought Debate?
Link between imagery and thinking
What is paired associate learning?
Participants paired with pairs words → presented during test period with first word for each pair → recall word that was paired
What is the conceptual peg hypothesis?
Concrete nouns create images that other words can “hang” onto
What is mental chronometry?
Determines amount of time needed to carry out cognitive tasks
What did Kosslyn’s island and boat experiment where the participant had to look for a particular point of the image?
mental scanning
What is mental scanning?
Participants create mental images and scan them in their minds
What was the debate about whether imagery is based on spatial mechanisms (involved in perception) or propositional mechanisms (language)?
imagery debate
This image is an example of?
propositional representation
What are known as epiphenomenon?
spatial representations
What is an epiphenomenon?
Something that accompanies a real mechanism, but not actually apart of a mechanism
“The cat is under the table is an example of what?”
spatial representation
What are propositional mechanisms?
Representations in which relationships can be represented by abstract symbols
Symbols and abstract language are associated with what?
propositional representations
Realistic pictures are associated with what?
depictive representations
What are depictive representations?
Spatial representations involve parts of representation correspond to part of object
What is NOT a reason cognitive scientists think perception and imagination are similar?
Finding far apart items and discriminating more or less rotated objects is just as fast as nearby ones
What is automatic and stable?
perception
What requires more effort and is fragile?
imagery
This example: Participants image what they were walking towards their mental image of the animal --> estimating how far away they were from the animal and when they experienced "overflow" --> when image filled visual field or became fuzzy is what task?
mental walk task
What task involved participants to judge whether pictures were two views of the same-objects or mirror-image?
mental rotation task
If the image is ambigious?
it is difficult to flip due to difference in experience of perception and imagery
What neurons are involved in responses of single neurons \n in a person’s medial temporal lobe that responding to the perception and imagining of a baseball?
imagery neurons
What are imagery neurons?
Neurons responding in same way to perceiving an object and to imagining it
How is the parts of the brain activate in response to imagery and perception?
complete overlap with the front, but in the back, it’s different
What is the response of brain activity in response to imagery?
something may not be happening & it may not cause imagery
What happens to other senses when the brain activity is responding to imagery?
deactivates so mental images are more fragile so other things stop interfering
What happens to brain functioning in TMS?
Decreases brain functioning in a particular \n area of the brain for a short time
How does brain functioning effect behavior in TMS?
If behavior is disrupted, the deactivated \n part of the brain is causing that behavior
Kosslyn’s experiment to TMS to visual area during perception and imagery task indicated what?
Brain activity in visual area of brain plays a causal role in both perception and imgery
This example of patients RM (where he could copy pictures, but not draw from memory) & CK (where he could not name objects in picture, but COULD draw from memory) is what?
double dissociation
When a patients ignores objects in one half of visual field in perception and imagery?
unilateral neglect
What is double dissociation?
When some patients have imagery deficit but intact perception, but other patients have perception deficit but intact imagery that indicates a separate mechanism for both processes
What happens in the pegword technique?
associate items to be remembered with concrete words → pair these things with pegword -→ create vivid image of things to be remembered with the object represented by the word
When eating only the food on one side of the plate is an example of?
unilateral neglect
What did Paivio belief about imagery to improve memory?
memory for words that evoke mental images is better
This is an example to watch This is Us on TV imaging picture an elliptical trainer inside a shoe, and the word US in a tree.
pegword technique
What is the method of loci?
A method in which things to be remembered are placed at different locations in a mental image of a spatial layout
Remembering a shopping list and imagine each product at a different spot on a familiar street is an example of what?
method of loci
Note