Euro Test Chapters 13-15

Crimean War (1853-1856)

A conflict between Russia and an alliance of France, Britain, and the Ottoman Empire, fought primarily in the Crimean Peninsula mainly over which empire would have the authority over Orthodox Christians living in Ottoman territory.

Emancipation of Serfs in Russia (1861)

The reform that abolished serfdom in the Russian Empire, freeing the serfs from their landowners.

Italian Unification (1861)

The process of consolidating various states in the Italian Peninsula into the Kingdom of Italy under the House of Savoy, Cavour’s diplomatic strategies and Garibaldi’s military campaigns.

German Unification (1871)

The political and economic unification of many German states into the German Empire under Prussian leadership. Bismarck used diplomacy, industrialized warfare, weaponry, and manipulation of democratic mechanisms called Realpolitik to unify.

Paris Commune (1871)

A radical socialist and revolutionary government that briefly ruled Paris, formed in the wake of the Franco-Prussian War.

Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)

A conflict between France and Prussia over the possible combination of Spain and Prussia after Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen was almost placed on the Spanish throne, leading to the unification of Germany and the capture of Napoleon III.

Second Industrial Revolution (Late 19th Century)

A period characterized by rapid industrialization, technological advancements, and the widespread use of electricity and automobiles. Population and consumerism grew.

Electricity and Cars (Late 19th Century)

Advancements in technology, including the widespread use of electricity and the introduction of automobiles, transforming industries and daily life.

Danish War (1864)

A conflict between Prussia and Austria against Denmark, resulting in the loss of Danish-controlled territories.

Austro-Prussian War (1866)

A conflict between Prussia and Austria, leading to the establishment of the North German Confederation and the exclusion of Austria from German affairs.

Married Women's Property Act (1870)

Legislation granting married women in the United Kingdom the right to own property independently of their husbands.

Pogroms (Late 19th Century)

Violent attacks, often organized and targeted, against ethnic or religious minorities, particularly against Jews in Eastern Europe.

Communist Manifesto (1848)

A political pamphlet by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels advocating for the overthrow of the capitalist system and the establishment of a classless society.

Chartism (1838-1857)

A working-class movement in Britain that sought political and social reforms, including suffrage for all men and other democratic rights.

English Factory Act (1833)

Legislation in the United Kingdom aimed at regulating and improving conditions in factories, especially those concerning child labor.

Women in Factories (19th Century)

The increasing involvement of women in industrial work during the 19th century, often in textile mills and factories.

Police Forces (19th Century)

The establishment and development of organized police forces in various countries to maintain law and order.

Zollverein (German Customs Union, 1834)

A coalition of German states that formed a customs union, reducing tariffs and promoting economic unity.

Poor Law (19th Century)

Legislation in the United Kingdom providing for the care of the poor and needy, often involving workhouses.

Corn Laws (Repealed in 1846)

British laws regulating the import and export of grain, with the aim of protecting domestic agriculture.

Irish Potato Famine (1845-1852)

A period of mass starvation and disease in Ireland caused by a potato blight, leading to significant population loss and social upheaval.

Revolt in Hungary, Czech, Italy, and Prussia (1848)

Series of uprisings and revolutions in several European countries, driven by nationalist and liberal ideals, though mostly unsuccessful.

Metternich Abdicates (1848)

The resignation of Klemens von Metternich, an influential Austrian statesman, in the wake of the 1848 revolutions.

Louis Philippe Abdicates (1848)

The abdication of Louis Philippe, the last King of the French, during the February 1848 revolution in France.

Tsar Alexander II Assassinated (1881)

The assassination of Tsar Alexander II of Russia, known for his reforms including the emancipation of the serfs.

Ballot Act (1872)

Legislation in the United Kingdom that introduced secret ballots for elections, promoting a fairer and more private voting process.

Home Rule Bill (1886)

Proposed legislation in the United Kingdom aimed at granting self-governance to Ireland within the United Kingdom.

Bank Failures/Depression (Late 19th Century)

Economic downturns marked by bank failures and financial crises, impacting various countries.

Cholera Outbreaks (19th Century)

Periodic outbreaks of cholera, a waterborne disease, leading to widespread illness and mortality.

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

A french biologist and chemist known for his discoveries in microbiology, including the development of pasteurization.

Joseph Lister (1827-1912)

A British surgeon who pioneered antiseptic surgery, reducing the risk of infections during medical procedures.

Pankhurst and Women Suffragettes (Late 19th-early 20th Century)

Emmeline Pankhurst and the suffragettes movement in the United Kingdom advocating for women’s right to vote, when arrested they went on hunger strike and were force fed in prison.

Railways Start (Early 19th Century)

The beginning of the widespread construction and use of railways, transforming transportation and commerce.

Unions Legal and New Unionism (Late 19th Century)

The legal recognition and growth of trade unions, with new unionism emphasizing industrial rather than craft-based organization.

Labour Party (Founded in 1900)

A political party in the UK representing the interests of the working class and labor unions.

Fabian Society (Founded in 1884)

A British socialist organization advocating for gradual and non-revolutionary reforms. Believed the problems of industry could be solved and achieved gradually, peacefully, and democratically, sought to educate the country about the rational wisdom of socialism.

National Insurance Act (1911)

Legislation in the UK establishing a system of social insurance, including unemployment.