Euro Test Chapters 13-15

  1. Crimean War (1853-1856):

    • Definition: A conflict between Russia and an alliance of France, Britain, and the Ottoman Empire, fought primarily in the Crimean Peninsula.

  2. Emancipation of Serfs in Russia (1861):

    • Definition: The reform that abolished serfdom in the Russian Empire, freeing the serfs from their landowners.

  3. Italian Unification (1861):

    • Definition: The process of consolidating various states in the Italian Peninsula into the Kingdom of Italy under the House of Savoy.

  4. German Unification (1871):

    • Definition: The political and economic unification of many German states into the German Empire under Prussian leadership.

  5. Paris Commune (1871):

    • Definition: A radical socialist and revolutionary government that briefly ruled Paris, formed in the wake of the Franco-Prussian War.

  6. Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871):

    • Definition: A conflict between France and Prussia, leading to the unification of Germany and the capture of Napoleon III.

  7. Second Industrial Revolution (Late 19th Century):

    • Definition: A period characterized by rapid industrialization, technological advancements, and the widespread use of electricity and automobiles.

  8. Electricity and Cars (Late 19th Century):

    • Definition: Advancements in technology, including the widespread use of electricity and the introduction of automobiles, transforming industries and daily life.

  9. Danish War (1864):

    • Definition: A conflict between Prussia and Austria against Denmark, resulting in the loss of Danish-controlled territories.

  10. Austro-Prussian War (1866):

    • Definition: A conflict between Prussia and Austria, leading to the establishment of the North German Confederation and the exclusion of Austria from German affairs.

  11. Married Women's Property Act (1870):

    • Definition: Legislation granting married women in the United Kingdom the right to own property independently of their husbands.

  12. Pogroms (Late 19th Century):

    • Definition: Violent attacks, often organized and targeted, against ethnic or religious minorities, particularly against Jews in Eastern Europe.

  13. Communist Manifesto (1848):

    • Definition: A political pamphlet by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels advocating for the overthrow of the capitalist system and the establishment of a classless society.

  14. Chartism (1838-1857):

    • Definition: A working-class movement in Britain that sought political and social reforms, including suffrage for all men and other democratic rights.

  15. English Factory Act (1833):

    • Definition: Legislation in the United Kingdom aimed at regulating and improving conditions in factories, especially those concerning child labor.

  16. Women in Factories (19th Century):

    • Definition: The increasing involvement of women in industrial work during the 19th century, often in textile mills and factories.

  17. Police Forces (19th Century):

    • Definition: The establishment and development of organized police forces in various countries to maintain law and order.

  18. Zollverein (German Customs Union, 1834):

    • Definition: A coalition of German states that formed a customs union, reducing tariffs and promoting economic unity.

  19. Poor Law (19th Century):

    • Definition: Legislation in the United Kingdom providing for the care of the poor and needy, often involving workhouses.

  20. Corn Laws (Repealed in 1846):

    • Definition: British laws regulating the import and export of grain, with the aim of protecting domestic agriculture.

  21. Irish Potato Famine (1845-1852):

    • Definition: A period of mass starvation and disease in Ireland caused by a potato blight, leading to significant population loss and social upheaval.

  22. Chartism (1838-1857):

    • Definition: A working-class movement in Britain that sought political and social reforms, including suffrage for all men and other democratic rights.

  23. Revolt in Hungary, Czech, Italy, and Prussia (1848):

    • Definition: Series of uprisings and revolutions in several European countries, driven by nationalist and liberal ideals, though mostly unsuccessful.

  24. Metternich Abdicates (1848):

    • Definition: The resignation of Klemens von Metternich, an influential Austrian statesman, in the wake of the 1848 revolutions.

  25. Louis Philippe Abdicates (1848):

    • Definition: The abdication of Louis Philippe, the last King of the French, during the February 1848 revolution in France.

  26. Unification of Italy (1861):

    • Definition: The political and territorial unification of the Italian states into the Kingdom of Italy under the House of Savoy.

  27. Tsar Alexander II Assassinated (1881):

    • Definition: The assassination of Tsar Alexander II of Russia, known for his reforms including the emancipation of the serfs.

  28. Ballot Act (1872):

    • Definition: Legislation in the United Kingdom that introduced secret ballots for elections, promoting a fairer and more private voting process.

  29. Home Rule Bill (1886):

    • Definition: Proposed legislation in the United Kingdom aimed at granting self-governance to Ireland within the United Kingdom.

  30. Bank Failures/Depression (Late 19th Century):

    • Definition: Economic downturns marked by bank failures and financial crises, impacting various countries.

  31. Cholera Outbreaks (19th Century):

    • Definition: Periodic outbreaks of cholera, a waterborne disease, leading to widespread illness and mortality.

  32. Louis Pasteur (1822-1895):

    • Definition: A French biologist and chemist known for his discoveries in microbiology, including the development of pasteurization.

  33. Joseph Lister (1827-1912):

    • Definition: A British surgeon who pioneered antiseptic surgery, reducing the risk of infections during medical procedures.

  34. Pankhurst and Women Suffragettes (Late 19th-early 20th Century):

    • Definition: Emmeline Pankhurst and the suffragette movement in the United Kingdom advocating for women's right to vote.

  35. Railways Start (Early 19th Century):

    • Definition: The beginning of the widespread construction and use of railways, transforming transportation and commerce.

  36. Unions Legal and New Unionism (Late 19th Century):

    • Definition: The legal recognition and growth of trade unions, with new unionism emphasizing industrial rather than craft-based organization.

  37. Labour Party (Founded in 1900):

    • Definition: A political party in the United Kingdom representing the interests of the working class and labor unions.

  38. Fabian Society (Founded in 1884):

    • Definition: A British socialist organization advocating for gradual and non-revolutionary reforms.

  39. National Insurance Act (1911):

    • Definition: Legislation in the United Kingdom establishing a system of social insurance, including unemployment