Criminological Theory Exam 2 Set 1

forensic psychology

the application of psychological theory and behavioral treatment to crime and law

nonmedical interventions like psychotherapy and counseling

what do psychologists primarily focus on?

forensic psychiatry

a medical subspeciality that applies psychiatry to crime prevention and solution, criminal rehabilitation, and issues of criminal law

prescribe medications and treat more psychiatric conditions

what can psychiatrists do that psychologists can’t?

analysis

the individual is the primary unit of what?

it is the source of motives

why is personality the major motivation element within individuals?

abnormal, dysfunctional, or inappropriate mental processes within the personality

what does crime result from?

causes of abnormal mental processes

mental illness/personality disorder

inappropriate learning or improper condition

inappropriate role models

personality and behaviorism

two major ideas that characterized early psychological theories

personality

built on cognitive science, including personality disturbance, moral development, and disease of the mind

behaviorism

examines social learning with an emphasis on behavioral conditoning

personality disorder/psychopathology

a lifelong mental health condition that affects how you behave and feel about others and yourself

distress or impairment

what does personality disorder cause?

cluster a disorder, cluster b disorder, cluster c disorder

three types of cluster disorders

cluster a disorder

characterized by distorted thinking, distrustful, and eccentric behaviors and thoughts including paranoia, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders

cluster b disorder

characterized by dramatic, emotional, or erratic behaviors including personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder, histrionic personality disorder, and antisocial personality disorder

cluster c disorder

characterized by anxious or fearful behavior; includes avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders

antisocial personality disorder

a pattern of unconcern or disinterest in the rights and needs of others, often paired with a tendency for impulsivity and lack of remorse

bedwetting, cruelty to animals, fire setting, lying, stealing

early indicators of ASPD

environmental, experiential, and genetic factors

causes of psychopathy

sociopathy

refers to individuals with primarily “nurture-based” antisocial personality disorder manifested in aggressively antisocial behavior and lack of empathy

psychological profiling

the attempt to categorize, understand, and predict the behavior of certain types of offenders based on behavioral clues they provide

Hans Eysenck

coined the term trait theory

trait theory

even as we mature, move from place to place, our personality remains largely intact

psychoanalsis

views criminal behavior as maladaptive, or the product of inadequacies in the offender’s personality

sigmund freud

coined the term psychoanalysis

id, ego, superego

what are the three components of personality according to Freud?

id

operates on the pleasure principle, full and instance gratification of needs

most people are not fully aware of the urges that manifest from this

ego

primarily changed with reality testing, mediating

emphasizes how objectives can best be accomplished and develops strategies that maximize pleasure and minimize pain

superego

the moral guide to right and wrong; the conscience

guides the ego to select strategies that are socially and ethically acceptable

psychoanalytic perspective

suggest that a poorly developed superego might result in criminal behavior

maladaptive

behaviors or patterns that are ineffective or counterproductive in helping individuals adapt to their environment or manage stress

behavioral conditoning

a psychological principle that holds the frequency of any behavior can be increased or decreased through reward (association with stimuli)

Pavlov’s dogs

stimuli

what does classical conditoning relate to?

consequences

what does operant conditioning relate to?

natural response

what does unconditoned responses relate to

neutral stimuli

external factor that doesn’t normally elicit a response

conditoned response

dogs drooling in response to the bell

positive reinforcement

something is added to increase the likelihood of a behavior

positive punishment

something is added to decrease the likelihood of a behavior

negative reinforcement

something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior

negative punishment

something is removed to decrease the likelihood of a behavior

positive reinforcement

child gets praised from parent for good grades

positive punishment

parent scolding a child for fighting with their sibling

negaitve reinforcement

child cleans their room to avoid nagging parents

negative punishment

child losing iPad privileges after refusing to eat vegetables

modeling theory

a form of social learning theory that asserts people to learn how to behave by modeling themselves after others who they have had the opportunity to observe

bandura

who came up with the modeling theory

people tend to imitate others who they spend the most time with

what did bandura’s modeling theory find?