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Chapter 7 - The American Revolution and the War for Independence

Quebec Act

  • 1774

  • Because it benefitted the Roman Catholic French in Canada, it angered American Protestants

  • Toleration to Catholics was given IF they gave up their own self-rule + right to trial by jury

  • By enlarging Canada, Americans could not settle the Ohio River Valley

Sugar Act

  • 1764

  • A mercantilist + indirect tax that raised revenue for Britain

  • Britain hoped that lower duties would encourage colonists to pay the tax rather than smuggle

  • Economy controlled by British gov’t

Stamp Act

  • 1765

  • Non-mercantilist + direct tax

  • Colonists forced to buy stamps for paper goods

  • “No taxation without representation!”

  • Resulted in violent protests + Stamp Act Congress

  • After Parliament backed down, the colonists saw a chance for freedom

Sons of Liberty

  • 1766

  • A revolutionary organization that rallied colonists against Britain

  • Arson + vandalism

  • Meetings + protests to plan revenue against Britain (ex. Boston Tea Party)

Committees of Correspondence

  • 1772

  • Created by Samuel Adams

  • Collected + circulated evidence of British abuses against colonists

  • Newspapers + editorials frequently used the word “independence,” foreshadowing the later pushes for independence

  • Established across 13 colonies during Revolution

Declaratory Act

  • 1766

  • Created after repeal of Stamp Act

  • Stated that Parliament has right to tax “in all cases whatsoever”

  • Conflict between actual vs. virtual representation

  • Colonists lost all respect for Britain

Townshend Duties

  • 1767

  • Taxed commodities colonists HAVE to buy from Britain (glass, lead, paper, paint, tea)

  • Non-importation agreements (boycotts) shut down the consumption of goods, rendering the tax useless

  • However, Parliament kept the tea tax to reinforce British authority

Quartering Act

  • 1765

  • Used to raise money for Britain + exert colonial control

  • Colonists expected to house + feed soldiers

  • Also used to spy on revolutionary leaders

Boycotts

  • Non-importation + non-consumption agreements (created by the Committees of Correspondence)

  • Separated Loyalists + Patriots

  • After boycotting British textiles, colonists homespun their own clothing

Boston Massacre

  • 1770

  • British soldiers fired into a crowd hurling snowballs at them, killing several

  • John Adams tried to acquit soldiers using a fair trial

  • Sam Adams + Paul Revere used this event for independence propaganda

Sons (and Daughters) of Liberty

  • Used to create + bolster patriotism

  • Engaged in protests + boycotts

Boston Tea Party

  • 1773

  • The Tea Act gave the East India Company a monopoly on tea trade

  • Sons of Liberty disguised themselves as Mohawk Indians + dumped tea into Boston Harbor

  • Eventually led to Coercive Acts

Coercive Acts

  • 1774 - Intolerable Acts to shut down colonist actions in Boston

  • Thomas Gage enforced the Quartering Act + Coercive Acts

Lexington and Concord

  • 1775 - The British wanted to stop American militiamen from stockpiling weapons

  • Skirmishes in Concord

  • Minutemen (American soldiers) attacking British troops marching to Lexington

  • With higher British deaths than American ones, it was very encouraging

Olive Branch Petition

  • Professed loyalty to British Crown

  • Begged King George III to end his corrupt rule over the colonies

  • King refused + declared colonies in open rebellion

Continental Congress

  • 1774 - 1st Continental Congress

  • 1775 - 2nd Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia

  • Founding Fathers were John Hancock (president) + George Washington (commander of army)

  • Achievements included Declaration of Independence, Articles of Confederation, dollar

Common Sense

  • 1776

  • Propaganda pamphlet by Thomas Paine

  • Appealed to common people + quoted Bible as source

  • Stated that British kings are evil + Britain (island) shouldn’t rule over America (continent)

  • Increased support for independence

Declaration of Independence

  • Reflected negative colonial experience + Enlightenment

  • Written by Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin

  • 1776 - Adopted by Continental Congress

  • Supported war + equality + freedom

Saratoga

  • 1777 - Most significant battle in North

  • General Burgoyne tried to converge 3 armies in New York

  • They were surprised by a large army commanded by Horatio Gates + were forced to surrender

  • 1778 - French forged formal alliance with the colonies + supplied money, soldiers, and their navy

Valley Forge

  • 1777-1778 - Washington’s army spent a grueling winter in Pennsylvania

  • Because of bad conditions, many soldiers died or left

The Battle of King’s Mountain

  • 1780 - Most significant battle on frontier

  • British army under Cornwallis attacked by American militia sharpshooters

  • Caused Cornwallis to abandon southern campaign

Yorktown

  • 1781 - Washington’s army besieged Cornwallis’ army

  • Admiral De Grasse’s French fleet drove away British ships

  • Cornwallis surrendered, leading to peace negotiations + the end of the war

European Assistance

  • Spain + France provided money + commerce

  • Marquis de Lafayette + Baron von Steuben offered military advice

  • France sent armies + navy

Treaty of Paris

  • 1783 - Ended war + recognized American independence

  • American would be comprised of the land from the Atlantic Ocean, Mississippi River + Canada, to Florida

  • Westward expansion into Ohio River Valley

BIG PICTURE

  • Britain’s administrative policies → Unfair + no representation in Parliament

  • Taxes + restrictions → American resistance organized by Revolutionary leaders

  • Armed conflict - Mob violence + military clashes

  • Societal change → Revolution based off justice + political philosophy

  • War for Independence - Fought by many countries (mercantilist competition + revenge)

  • Albany Plan of Union

    • Benjamin Franklin

    • Unified colonial gov’t

    • Deal with colonial issues that England cannot solve (Native Americans, threat of France + Spain, etc.)

    • Rejected by colonies + England

  • Election of 1844

    • Whig Party picked Clay as candidate → Liberty Party formed

    • Clay refused to take position on annexation of Texas → Doomed

    • Conscience Whigs angry at Clay → Formed Liberty Party

    • Liberty Party pulled votes away from Clay → Polk won election

  • Stamp Act

    • Put in place after F + I War by George Grenville

    • Revenue stamp must be bought + put on anything printed on paper

    • Raise money to keep large British army stationed in America

    • “Taxation without representation”

    • Repealed in 1766

  • French and Indian War

    • Battle of Quebec (1759)

      • British General Wolfe overcame natural defenses + besieged Quebec for 3 months

      • Battled + defeated France under Marquis de Montcalm

      • English controlled St. Lawrence Seaway

  • Josephine White Griffing

    • 1840’s-Civil War - Active in anti-slavery + women’s rights movements

    • 1864 - Lobbied Radical Republicans to help freedmen

    • Influenced Lincoln to create Freedmen’s Bureau

  • Causes of Texan Independence

    • Lack of strong Mexican gov’t + needed more land to settle & grow cotton

    • More Americans + slaves than Mexicans → Mexican gov’t barred immigration, raised taxes, created property taxes

  • Townshend Duties vs. Stamp Act

    • Stamp Act - Direct tax (paid at time of purchase → know price is higher + why)

    • Townshend Duties - Indirect tax (added costs + no reason why)


Chapter 7 - The American Revolution and the War for Independence

Quebec Act

  • 1774

  • Because it benefitted the Roman Catholic French in Canada, it angered American Protestants

  • Toleration to Catholics was given IF they gave up their own self-rule + right to trial by jury

  • By enlarging Canada, Americans could not settle the Ohio River Valley

Sugar Act

  • 1764

  • A mercantilist + indirect tax that raised revenue for Britain

  • Britain hoped that lower duties would encourage colonists to pay the tax rather than smuggle

  • Economy controlled by British gov’t

Stamp Act

  • 1765

  • Non-mercantilist + direct tax

  • Colonists forced to buy stamps for paper goods

  • “No taxation without representation!”

  • Resulted in violent protests + Stamp Act Congress

  • After Parliament backed down, the colonists saw a chance for freedom

Sons of Liberty

  • 1766

  • A revolutionary organization that rallied colonists against Britain

  • Arson + vandalism

  • Meetings + protests to plan revenue against Britain (ex. Boston Tea Party)

Committees of Correspondence

  • 1772

  • Created by Samuel Adams

  • Collected + circulated evidence of British abuses against colonists

  • Newspapers + editorials frequently used the word “independence,” foreshadowing the later pushes for independence

  • Established across 13 colonies during Revolution

Declaratory Act

  • 1766

  • Created after repeal of Stamp Act

  • Stated that Parliament has right to tax “in all cases whatsoever”

  • Conflict between actual vs. virtual representation

  • Colonists lost all respect for Britain

Townshend Duties

  • 1767

  • Taxed commodities colonists HAVE to buy from Britain (glass, lead, paper, paint, tea)

  • Non-importation agreements (boycotts) shut down the consumption of goods, rendering the tax useless

  • However, Parliament kept the tea tax to reinforce British authority

Quartering Act

  • 1765

  • Used to raise money for Britain + exert colonial control

  • Colonists expected to house + feed soldiers

  • Also used to spy on revolutionary leaders

Boycotts

  • Non-importation + non-consumption agreements (created by the Committees of Correspondence)

  • Separated Loyalists + Patriots

  • After boycotting British textiles, colonists homespun their own clothing

Boston Massacre

  • 1770

  • British soldiers fired into a crowd hurling snowballs at them, killing several

  • John Adams tried to acquit soldiers using a fair trial

  • Sam Adams + Paul Revere used this event for independence propaganda

Sons (and Daughters) of Liberty

  • Used to create + bolster patriotism

  • Engaged in protests + boycotts

Boston Tea Party

  • 1773

  • The Tea Act gave the East India Company a monopoly on tea trade

  • Sons of Liberty disguised themselves as Mohawk Indians + dumped tea into Boston Harbor

  • Eventually led to Coercive Acts

Coercive Acts

  • 1774 - Intolerable Acts to shut down colonist actions in Boston

  • Thomas Gage enforced the Quartering Act + Coercive Acts

Lexington and Concord

  • 1775 - The British wanted to stop American militiamen from stockpiling weapons

  • Skirmishes in Concord

  • Minutemen (American soldiers) attacking British troops marching to Lexington

  • With higher British deaths than American ones, it was very encouraging

Olive Branch Petition

  • Professed loyalty to British Crown

  • Begged King George III to end his corrupt rule over the colonies

  • King refused + declared colonies in open rebellion

Continental Congress

  • 1774 - 1st Continental Congress

  • 1775 - 2nd Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia

  • Founding Fathers were John Hancock (president) + George Washington (commander of army)

  • Achievements included Declaration of Independence, Articles of Confederation, dollar

Common Sense

  • 1776

  • Propaganda pamphlet by Thomas Paine

  • Appealed to common people + quoted Bible as source

  • Stated that British kings are evil + Britain (island) shouldn’t rule over America (continent)

  • Increased support for independence

Declaration of Independence

  • Reflected negative colonial experience + Enlightenment

  • Written by Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin

  • 1776 - Adopted by Continental Congress

  • Supported war + equality + freedom

Saratoga

  • 1777 - Most significant battle in North

  • General Burgoyne tried to converge 3 armies in New York

  • They were surprised by a large army commanded by Horatio Gates + were forced to surrender

  • 1778 - French forged formal alliance with the colonies + supplied money, soldiers, and their navy

Valley Forge

  • 1777-1778 - Washington’s army spent a grueling winter in Pennsylvania

  • Because of bad conditions, many soldiers died or left

The Battle of King’s Mountain

  • 1780 - Most significant battle on frontier

  • British army under Cornwallis attacked by American militia sharpshooters

  • Caused Cornwallis to abandon southern campaign

Yorktown

  • 1781 - Washington’s army besieged Cornwallis’ army

  • Admiral De Grasse’s French fleet drove away British ships

  • Cornwallis surrendered, leading to peace negotiations + the end of the war

European Assistance

  • Spain + France provided money + commerce

  • Marquis de Lafayette + Baron von Steuben offered military advice

  • France sent armies + navy

Treaty of Paris

  • 1783 - Ended war + recognized American independence

  • American would be comprised of the land from the Atlantic Ocean, Mississippi River + Canada, to Florida

  • Westward expansion into Ohio River Valley

BIG PICTURE

  • Britain’s administrative policies → Unfair + no representation in Parliament

  • Taxes + restrictions → American resistance organized by Revolutionary leaders

  • Armed conflict - Mob violence + military clashes

  • Societal change → Revolution based off justice + political philosophy

  • War for Independence - Fought by many countries (mercantilist competition + revenge)

  • Albany Plan of Union

    • Benjamin Franklin

    • Unified colonial gov’t

    • Deal with colonial issues that England cannot solve (Native Americans, threat of France + Spain, etc.)

    • Rejected by colonies + England

  • Election of 1844

    • Whig Party picked Clay as candidate → Liberty Party formed

    • Clay refused to take position on annexation of Texas → Doomed

    • Conscience Whigs angry at Clay → Formed Liberty Party

    • Liberty Party pulled votes away from Clay → Polk won election

  • Stamp Act

    • Put in place after F + I War by George Grenville

    • Revenue stamp must be bought + put on anything printed on paper

    • Raise money to keep large British army stationed in America

    • “Taxation without representation”

    • Repealed in 1766

  • French and Indian War

    • Battle of Quebec (1759)

      • British General Wolfe overcame natural defenses + besieged Quebec for 3 months

      • Battled + defeated France under Marquis de Montcalm

      • English controlled St. Lawrence Seaway

  • Josephine White Griffing

    • 1840’s-Civil War - Active in anti-slavery + women’s rights movements

    • 1864 - Lobbied Radical Republicans to help freedmen

    • Influenced Lincoln to create Freedmen’s Bureau

  • Causes of Texan Independence

    • Lack of strong Mexican gov’t + needed more land to settle & grow cotton

    • More Americans + slaves than Mexicans → Mexican gov’t barred immigration, raised taxes, created property taxes

  • Townshend Duties vs. Stamp Act

    • Stamp Act - Direct tax (paid at time of purchase → know price is higher + why)

    • Townshend Duties - Indirect tax (added costs + no reason why)


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