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The NA+-K+ Pump
Unidirectional pump where sodium wants to go inside the membrane but can only leave and potassium wants to enter the membrane. However, both want to go against the driving forces.
Step 1 of NA+K+
Step 1: 3 sodium ions bind to an ATP (inside)
Charge: -3
Step 2 of NA+K+
The ATP burns off, changes shape, and allows sodium to leave through the pump
Step 3 of NA+K+
potassium binds from outside
Shape changes
Step 4 of NA+K+
ion channel opens and allows potassium to go in
Step 5 of NA+K+
last phosphate from ATP falls off
Importance of NA+-K+
Regulates sodium and potassium in side the membrane
A lot of potassium inside
maintain voltage equilibrium within a membrane
endocytosis
Processes that bring molecules and cells into a eukaryotic cell
Plasma membrane folds in or invaginates around the material, forming a vesicle
exocytosis
Material in vesicles is expelled from a cell
Other materials leave cells such as digestive enzymes and neurotransmitters
GI process
Ligand signal binds to receptor
Receptor interacts with g protein
GDP falls off the alpha subunit
GTP binds to the alpha subunit
Alphas subunit falls off with disengaged GTP and bind to at a different spot AC
Reduces production of cAMP
GS process
Ligand signal binds to receptor
Receptor interacts with g protein
GDP falls off the alpha subunit
GTP binds to the alpha subunit
Alpha unit disengages
Alpha binds to AC
When binded, it takes ATP and changes it to cAMP
cAMP binds to ion channel or regulatory cell of PKA
Ion channel route GS
open up and ions will flow (how we smell)
PKA route GS
catalytic cell will bond to protein and phosphorylated
GQ11
Ligand signal binds to receptor
Receptor interacts with g protein
GDP falls off the alpha subunit
GTP binds to the alpha subunit
Alpha unit disengages
Alpha subunit will disengage with GTP goes to PLC
Sever bond in PIP2
DAG route GQ11
Interact with PKC
Add phosphates
IP3 route GQ11
Every cell regulates calcium
Pump out
Pump in to intermembrane
Store in endoplasmic reticulum
Bind to IP3 receptor on ER
Calcium will go from high to low
Short time, bind to PKC
Add phosphates (phosphorylates)
GTPase
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP and inorganic phosphate
converted GTP to GDP
Disengage
GTPase
Converts GTP to GDP
Phosphodiesterase
converts cAMP to AMP
Protein Phosphatase
Regulates phosphate levels
removes a phosphate group from a protein
Signal amplification
1 messenger binding to receptor causes the activation of at least 10 G-proteins
Ach G protein activates at least 10 AC
Each AC generates hundreds of cAMP molecules: 5000 cAMP
Each cAMP activates PKA: 5000
Ultimately each PKA creates the phosphorylation of 2,500,000 proteins
Axon
Portion of nerve cell that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body
Dendrite
any of the usually branching extensions of a neuron over which impulses travel toward the cell body compare axon
Cell body
spherical part of a neuron that houses the nucleus.
Synapse
Connection between axon terminal and dendrite
Chemical synapse
neurotransmitter
electrical synapse
Gap junctions
nerve
Bundle of axons from different neurons in the PNS
tract
Bundle of axons from different neurons in the CNS
glial cells
Release and reuptake neurotransmitters
Support neurons
Provide nutrients and maintain the extracellular environment
oligodendrocytes
Myelinate axons in the CNS
schwann cells
Myelinate axons in the PNS
3 reasons why neurons are negative
Sodium-potassium pump
Non-permeable, like DNA
Potassium leak channels trying to get membrane to -90
Driving force
(Vm -Eion)
Sign of the driving force indicates the direction of ionic flow
Permeability
Biological membranes are selectively permeable
Allow some substances to pass while others are restricted
Big force w/out open channels
0 ions will move
Permeability equation
i = Gion(Vm - Eion)
Action Potential Step 1
presynaptic will release neurotransmitters
Action Potential Step 2
neurotransmitter binds to sodium-gated ion channels
Action Potential Step 3
ion channel will open and sodium flow from outside to in (EPSP)
Action Potential Step 4
positive charge loves negative charge, so it will start to distribute throughout the dendrite
Action Potential Step 5
there will be a buildup of positive charge on the axon hillic bringing voltage to -45
Action Potential Step 6
a voltage gated sodium ion channel will open up and start to bring in sodium
Action Potential Step 7
when the gate becomes positive enough, the inactivation gate for the sodium channel will begin to close and reach its highest point (+20)
Action Potential Step 8
when the inactivation gate closes, there is enough positive charge for potassium voltage channels to open
Action Potential Step 9
Potassium leaves, brings charge to -90
causes depolarization
Action Potential Step 10
Activation gate for potassium closes, action potential returns to rest (-60)
Action Potential Step 11
Chain reaction of action potential passing through axon through each node
Action Potential Step 12
Opening up calcium channels, causes calcium to enter
Action Potential Step 13
Influx of calcium in the synapse
Action Potential Step 14
Vesicular release
Manipulation of volted-gated sodium channels
Manipulation of volted-gated potassium channels
Steps 1-7 will be the same, but there will continue to be negative in undershoot, thus it is take longer to repolarize
Inactivation gate for sodium may reopen
Spike will be more narrow
Undershoot quicker
Then calcium channel will be positive and more neurotransmitters will shoot out
Salutary
From node to node to node
Multiple sclerosis
degeneration of myelin
Major Neurotransmitters
Glutamate
Glycine and GABA
Glutamate
excitatory amino acid. Sodium comes through its voltage gated ion channels
Glycine and Gaba
inhibitory amino acids. Chloride goes through their channels.
AMPA receptors
Glutamate binds, sodium flows. Just like ligand gated ion channels.
NMDA receptor
Glutamate or glycine are the neurotransmitters.
In order for NMDA receptors to open, the cell needs to get depolarized first (more positive) for the magnesium block to get removed.
Calcium flows through these channel
How neurotransmitters are released
diffusion
reuptake
enzymes
diffusion
goes away
reuptake
blocked by a drug
enzymes present
breaks neurotransmitter apart
spatial summation
adds up messages at different synaptic sites
temporal summation
adds up potentials generated at the same sit, over time
agonists
Mimic or potentiate the effect of a neurotransmitter
Binds to same receptor as original
Pretends to be the original neurotransmitter
antagonists
Blocks the actions of neurotransmitter
Prevents from binding
Does not allow action to happen