EAPP

Title

The function is to catch the reader’s attention and can make or break the writer.

Introduction

establishes a territory by providing readers with expectations for the essay and contains the thesis statement.

Body

provides supporting details that justify the thesis statement or main idea presented in the introduction.

Conclusion

summarizes the essay's content and provides the writer's final thoughts on the topic.

Position paper

another example of argumentative writing and is written

to discuss the writer’s stand on an issue or phenomenon,

in terms of how to deal with it or if it’s a pressing matter,

how to address or solve it.

debatable

It should be focused on the aspect of the issue that is

worth arguing about.

clear

It should specifically state the author’s stand.

factual

It should be made up of arguments that are well-

supported.

engaging

It should sustain the reader’s interest from the

beginning to the end.

resolute

It should provide not only problems but also

suggestions and solutions.

components of position paper

● Claim

● Evidence

● Explanation

● Counter claim

● Refutation

● Transition

claim

this is the thesis statement.

This may sometime be referred to as the argument.

claim of fact

the argument presented is based on

verifiable data like figures, statistics

and the likes.

claim of policies

arguments that either propose or

challenge existing rules.

claim of opinion

claims based sole on your opinions.

● Proponent, meanwhile, simply refers to you as the one

making the claim.

counterargument

They are arguments that oppose your claim.

• proves your readers that you can actually refute them.

• This is the reason why we also have a refutation.

refutation

ideas that would oppose the counterclaims.

purpose of position papers

● It may seek to generate support from an organization

● It discusses an issue to inform the people and increase their awareness

● commonly published in academic, in politics, in law, in medical field, and in other domains.

● range from the simple format of a letter-to-the-editor through the most complex, in the form of a multi-author academic position position.

types of position papers

editorials, opposite-editorials, letters to the editor, academic paper

explore the issue by researching on the topic

Read widely and gather all pieces of information

about the topic.

create assertations

Formulate your views about the issue based on what

you have learned.

gather the evidence

Each assertion should be well-supported.

have credible resources

Evidence should come from reliable resources.

refine your argument

Arguments should be presented through the following

structure: AssEvEx

AssEvEx

• Assertion

• Evidence

• Explanation

Assertation

AssEvEX

MANDATORY R.O.T.C. is an added

burden to the already overwhelming

requirements of the students and should

therefore no longer be implemented.

Evidence

AssEvEx

(You may want to talk about the number of

subjects offered in Senior High School)

Explanation

AssEvEX

(Proceed by discussing further, the

requirement for each of the subjects)

prepare for opposition

Cite the strongest counterarguments and prepare to

counter them with your strongest refutations.

write your position

Compose the position paper following the usual I B C

structure.

field report

• purpose is to describe the observation of people, places, and/or

  events and to analyze that observation data in order to

  identify and categorize common themes

• The content represents the researcher's interpretation of meaning

  found in data that has been gathered during one or more

  observational events.

observation and interpretation (observe, analyze, and interpret)

two important skills in field report

physical setting

The characteristics of an occupied

space and the human use of the

place where the observation(s) are

being conducted.

object and material cultures

The presence, placement, and

arrangement of objects that impact

the behavior or actions of those being

observed. If applicable, describe the

cultural artifacts representing the

beliefs--values, ideas, attitudes, and

assumptions--used by the individuals

you are observing.

use of language

Don't just observe but listen to what is

being said, how is it being said, and,

the tone of conversation among

participants.

behavioral cycles

This refers to documenting when and

who performs what behavior or task

and how often they occur. Record at

which stage is this behavior occurring

within the setting.

order of unfolding of events

Note sequential patterns of behavior

or the moment when actions or

events take place and their

significance.

physical characteristics of subjects

If relevant, note age, gender, clothing,

etc. of individuals.

expressive body language

This would include things like body

posture or facial expressions. Note

that it may be relevant to also assess

whether expressive body movements

support or contradict the use of

language.

observation

“skill of describing scientific

events” drawn from “any information collected with

the senses”.

Qualitative observations

those that use our senses

(sight, hear, touch, smell, taste) to record the results.

○ describing the color of the walls of the room as

red.

Quantitative observation

those that can be measured using instruments and yield numerical values.

• Knowing the exact measurement (in square meters) of a room.

• there is counting done even if there are no numbers

Overt Participant

type of participant observation wherein the identity of the observer is known to

the group being studied.

• prior to joining or observing the group, the observer is likely to inform the members of the group about his / her goal in joining the group and the purpose, scope, and length of the research.

Covert Participant

the participants are not aware of the

identity of the observer nor that they are being

observed for research. This method allows the

observer to gain access to groups that would not

normally allow themselves to be studied and to

obtain a richer and more detailed observations.

Non-particpant

The observer does not participate in the activities of

the group being observed. He/She is usually seated

at the sidelines observing the action of the group.

This means that the observer is not directly involved

in the situation he / she is observing.

• also has covert and overt

naturalists

observes the subjects

under study in their natural setting. The observer

simply observes and records what is really

happening as they occur naturally like in laboratory

research.

simulations

The observer simulates or recreates a situations,

environment, or system and observes the

subjects under study in the simulated environment.

He / She may ask the participants to portray a role

individually or by team.

jottings

– not systematic

a quick and brief way of taking notes in the field.

• all about capturing important points or moments without needing to write down every detail. It's like taking snapshots of what you're observing, helping you remember things later on.

Diary

– level higher than jotting

(systematic), written at regular

intervals

log

– targeted observation, specific

set of behavior you’re looking for and

waiting to be subject

field notes proper

– following a

structure or format

inferences

conclusions or deductions based on

observations or from a given evidence. It is “a logical

interpretation of an event that is based on observations

and schema.”

data commentary

the verbal comment on visual

presentation. It usually appears in the Results and

Discussion section of a thesis.

purpose of data commentary

○ To present the results of research

○ To interpret these results

○ To discuss the significance and implications of

the results

why use data commentary

○ Highlight results

○ Compare and evaluate different data sets

○ Assess standard theories, common beliefs, or

general practices in light of the results

■ Use VAN – Validate, Affirm, Negate

○ Assess the reliability of data in terms of the

method that produced it

location element and summery statement

made up of the name of the visual

presentation while the summary statement provides an

overview of what can be found in the visual presentation

or data.

• should always begin with a verb followed by a description of what to expect about the data

highlighting statements

are generalizations that you can

draw from the details of the data display.

• focus the reader’s attention only to the most important part of the data

Discussion of implications, problems, exceptions, and recommendations

DIPER – deeper understanding

may include providing your opinions in forms of what

the highlighting statement might actually imply, or a

problem that can be seen from it, or in how some cases,

the suggested solution to a problem may not work, or

recommendation on how to address the problem.

• most tedious to create

probability

Strong to weak claim: certain, almost

certain, probable, likely, possible,

unlikely, very unlikely

generalization

use the verb “tend” or

qualifying modifiers

■ Strong: too

■ Soft: tend to be, many

■ Weak: majority tend

soft verbs

○Strong: led

○ Soft: may have

○ Use modals

distance

Distance yourself from the data by showing in

some way that it is “soft”.

○ Ex: based on the limited data, in view of some

experts, according to this preliminary study,

based on informal survey

hedging devices

1. Introductory verbs: e.g. seem, tend, look like, appear to

be, think, belleve, doubt. be sure, indicate, suggest

2. Certain lexical verbs e.g believe, assume, suggest

3. Certaln modal verbs: eg will. must, would may, might,

could

4. Adverbs of frequency e.g. often, sometimes, usually

5. modal adverbs, adjectives, nounds

6. that clauses

7. to clause + adjective

survey report

● documents the data commentaries of a research paper.

● show your progress

● preview of your chapter four.

●organized method of recording, presenting, and interpreting your data.

table of contents

provides the list of the survey report’s sections.

executive summary

gives your reader an overview of your survey report.

● Can also be called “abstract”.

background and objectives

●This specifies the groundwork of the survey conducted.

● You can place with introduction.

methodology

• summarizes the processes involved in selecting the respondents and generating the data.

• part of survey report

structure of survey report

• title page

• table of contents

• executive summary

• background and objective

• methodology

• results and discussion

• conclusion

• appendices

results and discussion

● This presents the tables & figures with their corresponding

data commentaries.

● Considered as the most substantial part of the survey

report.

part of survey report

conclusion

closes your survey report by summarizing,

paraphrasing, and synthesizing step 3 of all your data

commentaries.

appendices

This exhibits all the survey-related documents you used.

• Questionnaire, request letters, letter of consent, other

  pertinent documents.

• reference list should still be included aside from this

laboratory report

● Document that provides essential details on what took

place inside the laboratory.

● Fundamental to hard sciences (such as Engineering and

health-related courses).

● Concrete evidences of the writer's understanding of the

rationale, principles, processes and results of the

experiment.

● Provides an opportunity to discuss your experiment

parts of lab report

• abstract

• introduction

• materials

• procedure

• results

• discussion

• conclusion

• references

abstract

The condensed version of the experiment.

• give an idea of the experiment without giving too much info

introduction

●premise of the experiment

● Explain why you have to perform the experiment.

● Explain as well the driving factors

● Provide the questions

● Discuss the different theories and key concepts

materials

Detailed enumeration of the things needed for the

experiment.

procedure

Enumeration of the step-by-step process.

● Make sure that all of the materials you enumerated in the

third section are taken into account in this section.

results

Show the after-effects of the experiment.

● May be a combination of different graphic organizers like

tables, charts, timelines, and the likes, more

discussion

Explains the connection between the results and the

objectives, questions, and theories about the experiment.

conclusion

Briefly summarizes the introduction, procedure, results,

and discussions, focusing as well on the knowledge

acquired through the experiment.

references

Enumeration of the sources used in the paper, useful

for the reader to read up on topics related to the

experiment.

why use presentational aids?

○Clarifying the verbal message

○ Adding variety

○ Reducing public speaking anxiety

○ Conveying information concisely

○ Increasing persuasive appeal

○ Increasing listener retention

presentational aids

aim to supplement your report through a

combination of the ff: pictures, art forms, illustrations,

and/or sounds.

graphic organizers

Provide a more interesting and creative way of presenting

ideas taken from a text.

relevant

content of your presentation aid should still be connected

or related to it.

○ Contain the same message that the text it is

representing contains.

characteristics of a good presentation aids

appropriate

Consider your materials to be well-suited to the

profile of your audience.

○ Do as much research about your target

audience before you prepare your presentation.

○ Suitable

characteristics of a good presentation aids

readable

Recognizable

○ Be knowledgeable on how to work your way

around the tools to manipulate your presentation’s sounds,

images, font sizes, and font styles.

○ This is to prevent yourself from coming to a

lecture with a barely comprehensible presentation

characteristics of a good presentation aids

appealing

Interesting enough for your audience to not

want to not finish your presentation.

○ Assume that they (your audience) don’t need a

mere repetition of the same boring words

presented in your written work.

characteristics of a good presentation aids

varied

Diverse

○ It should always be a combination of three or

more types of visuals, audios, and audio-

visuals. This way, your audience would not find

your presentation too monotonous.

characteristics of a good presentation aids