Phys quiz june 10th

5 types of leukocytes

neutrophils

eosinophils

basophils

monocytes

lymphocytes

Two categories of immune defence

innate (nonspecific) immunity and adaptive (specific) immunity

Four types of innate immunity

kills by:

inflammation

interferon

natural killer cells

complement system

Goal of inflammation

bring phagocytic cells, fluid and plasma proteins to the affected area to

-kill microorganisms

-remove debris

-prepare tissue for healing

Inflammatory response

1. activation of macrophages- phagocytosis, cytokines

2. Histamine release from mast cells- vasodilation’

3. increased capillary permeability (due to histamine and cytokines)- edema, pain, clotting

4. Leukocyte migration (monocytes and neutrophils)

5. phagocytosis of bacteria and debris (macrophages and neutrophils) (produces pus: leukocytes and digested tissue)

Abscesses

swollen mass filled with pus

boils

abscess with hair follicle

how do immune cells kill bacteria

Immune cells make hydrogen peroxide (like in the brown bottle) and convert it into even deadlier chemicals like bleach to destroy trapped bacteria.

bacteria at injury site are

exogenous pyrogens

phagocytic secretion s are

endogenous pyrogens

symptoms of inflammation

fever

how do endogenous pyrogens cause fever

the pyrogens go to the hypothalamus which stimulates prostaglandin release and increases the body’s thermostat

Pyrogens effect on temp

they don’t just cause increase in temp, they change your brain’s thermostat to a new baseline temp

NSAID

decrease inflammation by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins which lead to fever and histamine.

interferons

virus control

innate, nonspecific defense system

interferes with viral replication

interferon function

infected cell produces interferon which passes it to its neighbors and triggers production of enzymes that prevent protein synthesis and break down of viral RNA so virus can invade but can’t control the cell

Viral lytic cycle

virus injects nucleic acid into the bacterial cell and its replicated and new virus is produces and released

TSH

stimulates secretion of thyroid hormones

stimulates growth of thyroid gland

Regulation of TSH

stimulated by TRH

inhibited by thyroid hormone

Thyroid hormone synthesis

Thyroid hormone synthesis begins in the follicular cells, where thyroglobulin (TG) is produced and secreted into the colloid. There, tyrosine residues on TG are iodinated to form MIT (monoiodotyrosine) and DIT (diiodotyrosine), which couple to form T3 (MIT + DIT) and T4 (DIT + DIT), still attached to TG. This iodinated TG is then endocytosed back into the follicular cell. When TSH from the anterior pituitary binds to its receptor on the cell membrane, it activates a cAMP-protein kinase pathway, which stimulates this endocytosis process. Inside the cell, lysosomes fuse with the vesicles containing TG-T3 and TG-T4 and cleave the hormones from TG. Finally, free T3 and T4 are released into the bloodstream, where they travel to target tissues to regulate metabolism.

T3 vs T4

T4 is more common

T3 more active

Thyroid hormone actions (2)

increases metabolic rate and heat production by increasing sympathetic activity

stimulates protein synthesis and growth (stimulation of GH)

Thyroid hormone secretion regulation

stimulated by TSH

control of thyroid hormone secretion

high levels of t4 inhibits TRH

Hypothyroidism

iodine deficiency

deficiency of TRH and or TSH

cretinism

hypothyroidism in youth

myxedema

hypothyroidism in adults

endemic Goiter due to iodide deficiency

With low dietary iodide, thyroid hormone synthesis decreases- less negative feedback and an increase in TSH causing thyroid to enlarge

Hyperthyroidism

autoimmune production of thyroid stimulatingimmunoglobulins- antibodies against TSH receptors on thyroid

thyroid is stimulated but no negative feedback

little calcium

hypocalcemia

too much calcium

hypercalcemia

Control of extracellular calcium

thyroid- calcitonin- uptake of calcium into bones

Parathyroid- PTH- release of CA into blood

Vitamin D is activated by

sunlight

Regulation of calcium levels

Vitamin D and PTH

calcitriol to kidneys—reduce excretion, small intestine- increase absorption

Adrenal cortex is

steroids

adrenal medulla is

catecholamines (Epi and NE)

The adrenal medulla is made of modified post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons that release catecholamines—mainly epinephrine (80%) and some norepinephrine (20%)—into the bloodstream. This hormone release is controlled entirely by the sympathetic nervous system to help the body respond to stress.

Epinephrine’s effects on fuel metabolism (5 things)

Ach causes release of EP which

1. breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids

2. breaks down glycogen in muscle into lactate

3. breaks down glycogen in liver into glucose

4. increase glucagon release

5. decreases insulin release

Pheo

adrenal tumor- Heightened sympathetic response

triggered by: physical exertion, anxiety, bowel movement

Cortisol

increases blood glucose

increase protein and fat use

regulation of cortisol

stimulated by corticotropin realeasing horomone from hypothalamus and adrenocorticotropic hormone from the anterior pituitary

Cortisol is effected by what two factors

stress and circadian rhythm

cushings disease: cortisol hypersecretion

too much cortisol, increased bllood sugar, fat deposits, muscle weakness, buffalo hump, stretch marks, poor wound healing, mental deficiencies

precursor for all steroid hormones

cholesterol.