Bio Psychology Chapter 14

__ are those functions of a living organism that display a rhythm of about 24 hours

Circadian rhythms

__ maybe behavioral, physiological, or biochemical

Rhythms

__ means active during the light

__ means active during the dark

Diurnal

Nocturnal

Circadian rhythms are generated by an __ clock

endogenous clock

A __ animal is maintaining its own cycle without external cues

free-running animal

The __, or time between two similar points of successive cycles, may not be exactly 24 hours

period

A __ is the shift in activity in response to a synchronizing stimulus, such as light or food

phase shift

The biological clock is in the __ located above the optic chiasm in the hypothalamus

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Transplant studies proved that the __ period is generated in the SCN

endogenous period

__ rhythms occur less than once per day and last longer than a day

Infradian rhythms

Some rhythms are driven by __ factors, such as food availability and temperature

Exogenous factors

An endogenous circannual clock, separate from the SCN, runs at approximately __ days

365 days

__ rhythms occur more than once per day and are shorter than a day; can last for minutes to hours

Ultradian rhythms

__ is synchronized to external events, including light and dark

Sleep

Stimuli like lights, food, jobs, and alarm clocks entrain us to be __ or to __

awake or to sleep

In the absence of cues, humans have a free-running period of approximately __ hours

25 hours

Electrical __ potentials can be used to classify levels of arousal and states of sleep

Electrical brain potentials

__ records electrical activity in the brain

Electroencephalography (EEG)

__ records eye movements

Electro-oculography (EOG)

__ records muscle activity

Electromyography (EMG)

What are the 2 distinct classes of sleep?

Non-REM sleep (NREM)

Rapid-eye movement sleep (REM)

__ can be divided into 3 stages and is characterized by lack of rapid eye movements

Non-REM sleep (NREM)

__ is characterized by small-amplitude, fast EEG waves, no postural tension, and rapid eye movements

Rapid-eye-movement sleep (REM)

An awake person's activity is dominated by a mix of high __ and low __ waves. This is known as beta activity or desynchronized EEG

high frequency; low amplitude

__ rhythm appears during relaxation, regular oscillation at 8 to 12 Hz

Alpha rhythm

__ sleep begins when vertex spikes appear. Heart rate slows, muscle tension decreases, eyes roll, and it lasts several minutes

Stage 1 sleep

__ sleep is defined by waves of 12-14 Hz that occur in bursts (sleep spindles). K-complexes appear (sharp negative EEG potentials)

Stage 2 sleep

__ sleep is defined by the appearance of large-amplitude, very slow waves called delta waves. By this time, delta waves are dominant.

Stage 3 sleep or Slow-wave sleep (SWS)

Night terrors and sleep walking happen in which stage of sleep?

Stage 3 or SWS

__ sleep follows active EEG with small-amplitude, high frequency waves, like an awake person. Muscles are relaxed; flaccid and unresponsive

REM sleep (paradoxical sleep)

A typical young adult sleeps __ hours; 45-50% is stage 2 sleep, and 20% is REM sleep

7-8 hours

Cycles early in the night have more __ sleep, and later cycles have more __ sleep

Stage 3 or SWS; REM sleep

At puberty, most people shift their circadian rhythm of sleep so that they get up __ in the day

later

Vivid dreams occur during __ sleep, and are characterized by visual imagery and a sense that the dreamer is there

REM sleep

__ are long frightening dreams that awaken the sleeper from REM sleep

Nightmares

__ are sudden arousals from NREM sleep, marked by fear and autonomic activity

Night terrors

Infant sleep is characterized by __ sleep cycles and more __ sleep

shorter; REM sleep

As people age, total time asleep __, and the number of awakenings __.

declines; increases

The most dramatic decline is the loss of time spent in stage __

Stage 3

__ is the partial or total prevention of sleep

Sleep deprivation

Effects of sleep deprivation are

Increased __

Difficulty in __

Episodes of __

Increased irritability

Difficulty in concentrating

Episodes of disorientation

Total sleep deprivation compromises the __ system and leads to death

immune system

__ is the process of sleeping more than normal after a period of deprivation

Sleep recovery

On night 1, Stage __ sleep is increased, usually at the expense of Stage __ sleep

Stage 3 sleep

Stage 2 sleep

On night 2, most recovery of __ sleep, which is more intense than normal with more rapid eye movements

REM sleep

One role of sleep is to conserve __

energy

Among plant-eaters, small animals sleep __ than large ones; in correlation with their high metabolic rate

more than

In predatory species, there is no such correlation. Small animals tend to sleep much __ than prey species

much more than

Sleep restores the __ by replenishing metabolic requirements, such as proteins

body

Most __ are released during SWS

growth hormones

__ improves declarative memory

Sleep

__ increases the likelihood of creating false memories

Sleep deprivation

__ may help consolidate nondeclarative memory

REM sleep

Evidence suggests that patterns of neuronal activity seen while a task is being learned during wakefulness are rehearsed during __ sleep

NREM sleep

People who hardly sleep at all may be more efficient sleepers because they demonstrate less Stage __ and __ sleep than the average person

Stage 1 and 2 sleep

Sleep is an active state mediated by

A __ system that displays SWS

A __ system that activates the forebrain into wakefulness

A pontine system that triggers __ sleep

A __ system that affects the other three

A forebrain system

A brainstem system

REM sleep

A hypothalamic system

__, that cause unconsciousness, produce slow waves in EEG that resemble SWS

General anesthetics

Almost all general anesthetics are agonists of __ receptors, which suggests some brain system uses this to promote SWS.

GABA(A) receptors

__ is made by an incision between the medulla and the spinal cord

Isolated brain

Animals showed signs of sleep and __, proving that the networks reside in the brain

wakefulness

__ is made by an incision in the midbrain

Isolated forebrain

The electrical activity in the forebrain showed constant __ but not __. Thus, the forebrain alone can generate this

SWS but not REM

The constant SWS activity in the forebrain is generated by the __ forebrain

basal forebrain

Neurons in the basal forebrain become active at sleep onset and release __

GABA

The __ formation is able to activate the cortex

reticular formation

Electrical stimulation in the cortex will wake up sleeping animals, while lesions of the cortex produce __ sleep

persistent sleep

The forebrain and reticular formation guide the brain between __ and __

SWS and wakefulness

Large lesions of the __ abolish REM sleep

pons

Neurons of the __ are only active during REM sleep

subcoeruleus

Neurons of the subcoeruleus inhibit __ neurons to keep them from firing during REM sleep

motor neurons

Lesions of the subcoeruleus prevent the loss of __ during REM sleep

muscle tone

The study of __ revealed a hypothalamic sleep center

narcolepsy

Narcolepsy sufferers enter __ immediately after falling asleep

REM sleep

Narcolepsy sufferers may show __, a sudden loss of muscle tone, leading to collapse

cataplexy

Destroying neurons that possess __ receptors causes narcolepsy

hypocretin

Hypocretin secreting neurons in the __ project to other sleep system centers: the basal forebrain, reticular formation, and the subcoeruleus

hypothalamus

The hypothalamic hypocretin neurons normally control the transition between __ and __

NREM and REM

__ is the brief inability to move just before falling asleep or just after waking up

Sleep paralysis

Sleep paralysis maybe caused by the __ center continuing to signal for muscle relaxation even when awake

pontine center

__ occurs during stage 3 SWS and may persist into adulthood. Most are not acting out a dream

Somnambulism (sleepwalking)

__ is characterized by organized behavior from an asleep person

REM behavior disorder (RBD)

RBD usually begins after age 50 and is followed by beginning symptoms of __ disease and dementia, which suggests this is the start of a widespread neurodegeneration

Parkinson's disease

__ is a difficulty in falling asleep and can be caused by situational factors, such as shift work or jet lag. Very common

Sleep-onset insomnia

__ is a difficulty in staying asleep and may be caused by drugs or neurological factors

Sleep-maintenance insomnia

In __, breathing may stop or slow down; blood oxygen drops rapidly. Maybe accompanied by snoring

sleep apnea

Sleep apnea arises either from progressive __ of muscles of the chest, diaphragm, and throat cavity or from changes in the pacemaker respiratory neurons of the brainstem

relaxation

A __ machine is a treatment used to prevent the collapse of the airways

CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure)

Untreated sleep apnea can lead to __ disorders

cardiovascular disorders

Does everyone with sleep apnea snore?

No

__ is sleep apnea resulting from immature respiratory pacemaker systems or arousal mechanisms

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

Putting babies to sleep on their __ can prevent suffocation due to apnea

backs

Most sleeping pills bind to __ receptors throughout the brain

GABA receptors

Continued use of sleeping pills

Makes them __

Produces marked changes in sleep patterns

Can lead to __ and memory gaps

Makes them ineffective

Can lead to drowsiness and memory gaps

Eating behaviors happen multiple times throughout the day. This is an example of a(n):

Circadian rhythm

Circannual rhythm

Infradian rhythm

Ultradian rhythm

Ultradian rhythm

Night terrors and sleepwalking occur during which stage of sleep?

REM

NREM 1

NREM 2

NREM 3

NREM 3

__ is a disorder that involves the loss of smooth transitions between sleep stages

Narcolepsy

Narcolepsy has revealed that the __ uses neurotransmitter hypocretin to control transitions between waking, NREM sleep, and REM sleep

hypothalamus

The basal forebrain is especially involved in __ and __ sleep

NREM & SWS sleep

During REM sleep the motor neurons of a healthy individual should be __/__

inhibited/paralyzed

An individual is asleep, and the EEG is showing large numbers of delta waves. This person seems to be in the __ stage of sleep

NREM 3 stage