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Black Tuesday

Black Tuesday

Millions of panicky investors sold as the bottom fell out of the stock market, no buyers could be found. Prices on Wall Street kept going down.

Hawley Smoot Tariff

Set tax increases from 31-49% on foreign imports, European countries enacted higher tariffs on US goods. Both national economies sank into further depression.

Bonus March

Unemployed wwi vets marched to DC, demanding immediate payment of bonuses promised at a later date. Congress failed to pass the bonus bill, Americans regarded Hoover as heartless and uncaring.

20th Amendment

Shortened period between presidential election and inauguration. This set the start of each president’s term for January 20.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Democratic President and Cousin of TR, Democratic nominee for VP in 1920 and lost to Harding, he was paralyzed by Polio but still kept working. He was elected governor of NY and created welfare and relief programs to help the jobless

Eleanor Roosevelt

Roosevelts wife and most active first lady. She served as FDR’s social conscience and influenced him to support minorities and the less fortunate.

Herbert Hoover

President of the US during the time of crash, thought prosperity would return soon, hesitated to ask congress for action, he recognized the need for more government action. The Great Depression got worse because Hoover was powerless towards it.

Relief, recovery, and reform

Relief for people out of work, recovery for business and the economy as a whole, reform of economic institutions. This was considered a success, it softened the blow of the Great Depression and created jobs.

Brain trust

A group of college professors Roosevelt turned to for economic advice. Most diverse group of people in administrative positions, his secretary of labor was the first woman to serve in a president’s cabinet.

Frances Perkins

Roosevelt’s secretary of labor. She was the first woman to serve in a president's cabinet.

First New Deal

Roosevelt’s plan to help people who were struggling financially. This improved the lives of people suffering from the Great Depression

Hundred Days

Roosevelt called congress into a 100 day special session. Congress passed every law Roosevelt requested.

Fireside Chats

Roosevelt went on radio to assure people that the banks which reopened after the bank holiday were safe. The money deposited in the reopened banks exceeded the money withdrawn.

Schechter vs US

The Supreme Court declared the NIRA unconstitutional. This abolished the NIRA.

Second New Deal

Roosevelt created relief and reform programs which weren’t as successful, people criticized him. It created the old age pension system.

Father Charles Coughlin

A Catholic priest who attracted a huge following through his radio broadcasts, his attacks on the New Deal were anti-semitic and fascist. His superiors told him to stop broadcasting. He founded the National Union for Social Justice which called for issuing an inflated currency and nationalizing all banks.

New Democratic Coalition

A political coalition that supported the Democratic party, named after FDR’s new deal programs, it composed of voting blocs that supported them. This gave the Democratic party a large majority in both houses of congress.

John Maynard Keynes

A British economist, told Roosevelt he made a mistake trying to budget the balance. According to the Keynesian theory, deficit spending is helpful in difficult times because the gov needs to spend above its tax revenues to initiate economic growth. Roosevelt’s economic team adopted this theory and positive results.

John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath

A novel about the dust bowl written by Steinbeck. This raised awareness about the dust bowl and caught the attention of many Americans.

A. Phillip Randolph

Head of the Railroad Porters Union. He threatened a march on Washington to demand equal job opportunities for African Americans.

Harold Ickes

He was the Secretary of Interior, black singer Marion Anderson was refused usage of Constitution hall, Ickes and Eleanor Roosevelt arranged for Anderson to give a concert at Lincoln Memorial. He provided moral support for blacks and implemented the New Deal.

Huey Long

Proposed share our wealth program, promised a minimum income of $5,000 for every American family, to be paid for by taxing the wealthy. He challenged Roosevelt’s leadership by announcing his candidacy for president, he was killed by an assassin.

Harry Hopkins

Director of FERA, leader of WPA. Under his leadership in WPA, 3.4 mil people got a job.

Dust Bowl and Okies

A severe drought ruined crops in the Great Plains, farms turned to dust. Okies from Oklahoma and surrounding states migrated to California to search for farm work or factory work but couldn’t find any.

John L Lewis

Leader of the Committee of Industrial Organizations, president of United Mine Workers Organization. AFL suspended CIO unions, renamed it Congress of Industrial Organizations, CIO broke away from AFL. John L. Lewis was a dominant voice in the labor movement.

21st Amendment

This repealed the 18th amendment. It ended prohibition.

Breadlines

A line of people waiting to get free food. It showed the unemployed and hunger cause by the Great Depression.

Scottsboro Case

Nine black teens were falsely accused of raping two white women, there were 4 trials and 8 convicted and sentenced to death. This was a factor that led to the civil rights movement and 2 supreme court rulings that created rights for human defendants.

Dr. Francis E. Townsend

Proposed that a 2% fed sales tax be used to create a special fund, every retired person 60+ would get $200 a month. This would stimulate the economy if people spent their money wisely and bring the GD to end. This became the social security system.

Election of 1936

Democrats nominated Roosevelt for a second term, he was going against Alf Landon. Roosevelt was popular because of the New Deal, businesses disliked him. Roosevelt won the election and the New Deal gained more support.

Court-Packing Plan

Proposed that the president be authorized to appoint the Supreme Court an additional justice for each current justice who was older than 70.5. The bill would’ve been able to add 6 more justices to the court. This was controversial, people accused Roosevelt of wanting to be a dictator.

Marion Anderson

A black singer who was refused usage of Constitution Hall, she was arranged a special concert in Lincoln memorial. She was an important figure in the struggle for African American artists to overcome racial inequalities.