Fascism Final

Who was Kita Ikki?

A Japanese ultranationalist who rejected liberal democracy and called for a coup to restore national strength.

What is Kokutai?

Japan's national polity centered on emperor worship and familial loyalty.

What did the Meiji period represent?

Japan's effort to modernize and westernize while preserving its cultural identity.

What was the Manchurian Incident?

A staged attack by the Japanese military to justify the invasion of Manchuria.

Who was Yoshino Sakuzo and what did he advocate?

A liberal theorist in Japan who argued democracy served the welfare of the people and could align with loyalty to the emperor.

What did the Modern Girl symbolize in 1920s Japan?

New freedoms and Western influence, both exciting and threatening to tradition.

What role did secret military societies play in Japanese politics?

They promoted nationalist violence and tried to restore direct rule by the emperor.

What event marked the start of WWII in China?

The Marco Polo Bridge incident in 1937.

What was the Nanjing Massacre?

A mass killing and rape of civilians by Japanese troops in 1937.

How did Hitler justify invading Poland?

How did Hitler justify invading Poland?

What was Babyn Yar?

A massacre in Kyiv in 1941 where Nazis killed 33,000 Jews in two days.

What common ideas justified war crimes for fascist regimes?

Racial and cultural superiority, disdain for international law, and dehumanization of enemies.

Why did Japan support the Italian invasion of Ethiopia?

Despite earlier anti-imperialist rhetoric, Japan aligned more closely with fascist powers.

What were the Nuremberg Trials?

Trials of top Nazi leaders to establish international law standards.

Why did justice efforts fade after WWII?

Cold War priorities shifted attention from prosecuting fascists to fighting communism.

What was the "myth of the clean Wehrmacht"?

A false narrative that the German army fought honorably, separate from Nazi atrocities.

How did the US support former Nazis post-war?

Employed them in anti-communist efforts like the US Army Historical Division.

What was the "economic miracle" in postwar West Germany?

Rapid growth due to US aid and industrial recovery, creating prosperity and consumerism.

What defines a populist?

Someone who claims to exclusively represent the "real" people against a corrupt elite.

How does populism differ from fascism?

Populism uses democratic institutions, whereas fascism abolishes them.

What is Justicialism?

Peronist ideology advocating for social justice, economic freedom, and national sovereignty.

What role did Eva Peron play?

Symbol of loyalty, charity, and indoctrination, especially among children.

What kind of government did Uriburu create in 1930 Argentina?

A corporatist, fascist-style military dictatorship.

How did Peronism use the cult of personality?

It replaced democratic discourse with loyalty to leaders Juan and Eva Peron.

What is "Ruscism"?

A term for modern Russian authoritarianism with fascist traits.

How does Putin use culture and propaganda?

Promotes anti-Western, anti-LGBTQ, pro-traditional values through media control.

What's Laruelle's critique of labeling Russia fascist?

It's too simplistic—fascist elements may exist, but the label doesn't fit all aspects of the regime

What symbolic role does the letter "Z" play in Russian politics?

It signifies support for the Ukraine invasion and has been compared to fascist symbols like the swastika.

How has Russia remembered WWII differently than Germany?

Emphasizes victimhood and Soviet heroism, not complicity or war crimes.

What was the goal of The Authoritarian Personality study?

To identify traits that predispose people to support fascism.

Name one authoritarian trait.

Rigid boundaries between in-group and out-group.

Why is the study of the Authoritarian Personality study still important?

It helps explain how fascist tendencies emerge under certain social or political conditions.

Who were the researchers behind the study?

Mostly Jewish German émigrés who fled Nazi persecution.

How was sexuality linked to authoritarianism in the study?

Sexual repression and anxiety were tied to authoritarian and conspiratorial thinking.

Who was Antonio Gramsci?

A Marxist who believed cultural dominance sustains political power.

How did the New Right adapt Gramsci's ideas?

By trying to influence mainstream culture to normalize far-right ideas.

What is "cultural hegemony"?

Dominance of one worldview or ideology over others in a society.

Who was Pierre Krebs?

A New Right thinker who believed Europe must be reborn through ethnonationalist cultural struggle.

How did the New Right view immigration and globalization?

As threats to national identity and cultural diversity, favoring homogeneity over multiculturalism.