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Wilson Paris Peace Conference
14 point plan achieve peace in europe
Didnt want germany to take revenge
Didnt want germany to become comunist
Democracy was key to peace in EU
Wanted independency in former EU colonies.
Reasons mood was vengeful after ww1
France wanted alsace lorraine
Britain had suffered over 1 mil casualties
French wanted a treaty that would ruin germany
France lost whole generation
France invaded twice by Germany (1870 and 1914)
Clemenceau views of germany
Wanted to ruin germany
Worst experience of war
Wilson views of germany
Wanted peace,
Strengthen democracy
Self determination
Lloyd George views of germany
Wanted germany to have consequences, didn't want retaliation
Public wanted harsh treaty
Germany is biggest trader
Treaties
Treaty of St Germain 1919- Austria split with Hungary. Bohemia-Moravia became czechoslovakia, Bosnia + Herzegovina + Croatia became Yugoslavia,Army = 30,000
Treaty of Neuilly 1919- Bulgaria lost land to Greece, Romania, Yugoslavia. Bulgaria had to pay 100 mil in reparations,Army = 20,000, Harsh for small role in war
Treaty of Trianon 1920- Hungary lost Transylvania to Romania and other bits of land to Czechoslovakia, + Yugoslavia
3 mil hungarians ended in other states,Did Not pay reparations because economy was so weak.
Treaty of Sevres 1920- Turkey lost smyrna to Greece and Syria to France, Turkish colonies of Egypt, Tunisia and Morocco moved to France.
Rules of the league-
All nations join
All nation have to disarm upon joining
If dispute happens have to take issue to league and accept decision.
If league member invaded troops will sent to country and league stop trading with them
If league goes to war league will end the war.
Why didn't US join league
Lots of americans had german ancestors hated ToV
Didnt want to send troops to fight and defend european empires
US were anti empire
Lack of trade would affect america most
British plot to exploit america
League would be dominated by France and Britain
League succeses
Formation, 42 countries joined in 1920 ,1930s had 59 members
Border disputes,1921 league ended disputes over upper silesia -poland vs germany,1921 Aaland island (sweden + finland) leagues decision accepted, 1925 Greece had been wrong to invade Bulgaria. Greece backed down
Humanitarian work,400,000 prisoners returned to their homes ,Turkey 1922 league stopped diseases in refugee camps,Labour committee banned lead paint limited children work hours, Funded institutes to create vaccines against malaria + leprosy
Disarmament + treaties ,USA, France, Brit agreed to limit navies,USSR + Germany restored relations 1922,1929 (Young Plan) Reduce germany's reparations
League failures
League was poor imitation of vision, Uk + France had didn't bother with role in league, Brit more focused on empire, France wanted to destroy germany
1920 Poland ignored league about invading Vilna Lithuania, Brit + France did nothing, 1921 league undermined TOV by giving Upper silsea back to germany, 1923 Mussolini did not accept leagues ruling and invaded corfu.
Refugee committee short on funds, Failed to get companies to shorten hours, Lack of funds and lack of power
No other country wanted to disarm, Damaged leagues reputation in germany
Aims of the league
Disarmament, preventing war through collective security, settling disputes between countries through negotiation and diplomacy, and improving global welfare.
Manchurian Crisis
Japan lost vital part of economy in wall street crash.
Overpopulation- 4 options- expand territories (Kingoro Hashimoto) - immigration (countries did not want immigrants- Expand trade into global markets (tariffs)
Japan left league, league couldn't act without USA and USSR (non members)
Japan controlled Korea and Manchuria railway.
Invasion 1 - 1931 - claimed there was anarchism
China appeals- Japan said they invaded in self defence
League investigates- takes 1 year, said Japan should withdraw from Manchuria.
Invasion 2- 1933- Intended to invade more of China, 42 agreed with the leagues report 1 did not, Japan withdrew from the league of nations.
Abyssinian Crisis
1896 italy invaded abyssinia and was defeated by tribesmen
Mussolini wanted revenge
1934 dispute over wal wal oasis, Mussolini claimed it as italian territory
Mussolini demanded apology and prepared troops.
Jan 1935-October Mussolini was “negotiating” with league but was also sending troops to abyssinia
Ballot in UK said most would be happy with defending abyssinia with force.
Sep 4- League agreed no one to blame for wal wal crisis. Gave Mussolini bit of abyssinia. Mussolini rejected it.
Sanctions- Oct 1935 invasion started, committee started to decide what sanctions to impose, league banned arms sales from italy and banned exporting rubber, tin. Took 2 months to decide to ban oil exports to italy- usa wouldn't support decision- In UK 30,000 miners would lose jobs over ban
Britain + France could of shut suez canal and ended crisis but didn't want to start a war.
Hitlers aims
Abolish treaty of versaille - from mein kampf “abolition of the peace treaties of versaille”, saw people who signed treaty as November Criminals, lost pride and military strength.
Expand German Territory- Lebensraum “living space” from mein kampf “Colonisation of the eastern frontier is of extreme importance”
Defeat communism- Myth that communism led to the downfall of germany, belief that members of weimar republic were communist traitors.
Abolishing the TOV Terms AH destroyed
Restricted military |
Demilitarization of Rhineland |
Germany and Austria couldn't unite Attempt in 1934 (stopped by italy) 2nd attempt in 1938 |
Sudetenland becoming part of Czechoslovakia |
Polish Corridor |
Abolish the TOV what AH did
Rearmed in secret Conscription- 1936 Held rallies and made speeches Said it would boost economy |
1936 Hitler ordered troops in Army to retreat if france opposed |
Strong nazi party in austria Nazis held demonstrations Hitler said it would solve Aaustrias problems Austria called plebiscite Hitler sent troops into austria 99.75% voted for anschluss |
1938 AH (Hitler) wanted Sudetenland Made it clear he would fight 15th Sept AH met with Chamberlain 1st Oct Intended to “rescue” germans from czechoslovakia |
ABOLISH THE TOV WHAT ALLIES DID
Britain supported- strong germany was good against communism French angry but did nothing |
Britain did not oppose thought TOV was to harsh France opposed militarisation but election was happening and would be unpopular if war happened. Both distracted by Abyssinia |
Chamberlain thought Germany had right to unite with austria Chamberlain increased military Lord halifax said that britain would not oppose Anschluss. |
France bound by treaty to protect the czechs, britain followed france Brit didn't want war 1938 built air shelters, brit mobilised navy. 29th Sept decided to give Sudetenland to AH |
Appeasement was good
Avoided war for as long as possible
Brit had less aircraft production than germany
Brit reamerned in 1937
Chamberlain didn't have many options
Hitler could distract russia
Politicians lived and fought in ww1 didnt want another war.
Support from young british people for league
Brit officials thought treaty was too harsh
People thought rhineland was justified
Muchnic agreement (sudetenland) gained support from public- suggesting they liked appeasement.
Appeasement wasn’t good.
Allowed AH to become too powerful
If germany invaded czechoslovakia they wouldn't of won
AH was not as powerful as chamberlain thought
French believed that maginot line would protect them- it didn't
Shuttle diplomacy made brit and chamberlain seem weak.- Failed to defend their allies
Allowed hitler early successes, allowed AH’s confidence to increase.
Spanish Civil wa
1936 between Republican government and right wing rebels + General Franco
Stalin sent weapons aircraft and pilots to republican government
Hitler + Mussolini supported rebels.
Britain + France refused to intervene directly (France sent weapons to republicans)
Rebels + Franco won
Italy + Germany's relationship strengthened
Hitler concluded that Brit+France would join a war
Brits were scared by Guernica- germany had power to bomb england
USSR suspecios of Brit+ France because they didnt fight against facism
Militarism and the axis
Germany + Japan 1936 Anti Comintern (Communist) Pact
Italy signed pact in 1937
This became known as the axis.
What caused the boom? Industrial Strength
USA had natural resources
Industry been growing since 1860/70
Leading coal producers
New tech- Radio, Cars, TVs,Phones, Electric lighting,
Leaders of industries were high skilled professionals
What caused the boom WW1
USA lent money to allies
Sold arms to Brit+ France
Sold lots of food (maybe)
USA took over trade as EU were fighting
After WW1 USA biggest chemical products manufacture
What caused the boom Republican policies
Laissez faire- Government doesn't interfere with business
Rugged individualism
What caused the boom Protective tariffs
Import tariffs- Expensive to import foreign- Protected american businesses- made them grow quicker.
What caused the boom
Benefited all but mostly wealthy people
Idea was people would spend more on american goods
Wealthy people reinvest in business
What caused the boom Powerful Trusts
Trusts= Super corporations that dominate industries
Trusts control section of industry
Republicans allowed them to do whatever
“Captains of industry” knew better than politicians for what was good for business of USA
New Industries, New Methods
Huge amounts of goods sold very cheaply- more people who could afford to buy
Use resources to make steel, glass, chemicals, machinery
Mass production of consumer goods
The Car
15 mil Ford model T Cars produced in 1908 and 1925
In 1925 cars costed $290 = 3 months factory worker salary
1 in 5 americans owned a car, 1 in 43 in UK
Car production helped industries- road construction was biggest employer in 1920s
Mass Consumption
Mass advertising used in and after ww1
Growth in mail order companies
People (in remote areas) could buy from catalogues
Lots of buy now- pay later schemes
Chain stores developed
State of mind
People believed they had right to prosperity
Aim was to have nice house, lots to eat and the newest products (american dream)
Idea that spending was better quality
Businesses had confidence to invest
Ordinary americans had confidence to buy goods on credit and pay later.
Who didn't benefit from the boom Farmers
WHY- Half of americans lived in rural areas ,American Farmers relied on exports but there was 0 demand, Competition, Price of grain went down
AFFECT-Price of grain collapsed ,Small farmers couldn't keep up with mortgages, Lost homes, jobs, forced to become migrant workers.
Who didnt benifit from boom African-Americans
Most lived in southern states, Made living being labourers and sharecroppers, Few jobs available to african americans.
¾ of a million farm workers lost jobs, Moved to northern states- faced poverty + racist, 25% lived in slums
WHO DIDNT BENIFIT FOROM BOOM Workers in old fashioned industries
Workers replaced by machines , Overproduction, drop in workers, prices,wages , Coal replaced by oil , Textiles had competition from artificial fibres
Unemployment Wage cuts.
WHO DIDNT BENIFIT New Immigrants
Poor, uneducated, Had lowest paying jobs , Were source of cheap labour
Lived in slums in northern cities
Causes of the Wall Street Crash (WSC) SPECULATION
4 million people in the market in the 20s,
Speculators bought shares with borrowed money, sold shares again when price right, then pay off loan.
Confidence kept prices rising and when confidence failed crash happened.
CAUSES OF THE WSC WEAKNESS IN ECONOMY
926 construction industry downturn.
Coal/ textile struggling in 1920s
American companies producing more than demanded- most people could afford them + people who could afford them had them
Workers wages were not increasing and prices werent falling so they couldn't buy anything.
Europeans couldn't afford it cause of tariffs
Official figures for industry output fell in 1929 for 1st time in 4 years
13 million shares got dumped on black Tuesday
Impact of the wall street crash
Vanderbilt family lost $40 million
Rockefeller lost 80% of wealth
Churchill lost 500,000
Lots of banks went bankrupt
Hoover cut taxes so people would buy
Crash destroyed US confidence about prosperity
1929 , 659 banks failed
Bank of United states in NYC failed with 400,000 deposits (a lot of them immigrants) ⅓ of NYC saved using it
People took their money out of banks
Between 1928 and 1933 industry + farming fell by 40% ,wages fell by 60%
1933- 14 mil unemployed, 5000 banks bankrupt
International trade went from 10 billion in 1929 to 3 billion in 1932
DOWNWARD SPIRAL
WSC- BANKING CRISIS- BUISSNESS FAILURES, UNEMPLOYMENT/WAGE CUTS, REDUCED SPENDING,
Women in USA What changed
Divorce rate went up- more financially independent
Could smoke, drive, go out without chaperones (more socially acceptable)
Woman more “daring” clothes, waistless, knee length dresses
Less dependent on men
End of the 1920s 0ver 10 mil had jobs- 25% increase from 1920
Urban woman become flappers
Woman had more job opportunities cause of mechanisation
More sexual freedom- Contraception everywhere.
Wore hair short
Advertising aimed at women
Wear make up more
Preferred to men over office jobs/ radio industry
Women in the USA What stayed the same
Most women still had traditional values
Poor women couldn't afford about saving devices
Most women were still housewife
Flappers only existed in northern cities
Roaring 20s Radios, sex and the cinema
Radios- 40% had radios,In poorer parts of chicago- 1 radio per ⅔ houses, Harriet Lee Wendel Hall became because of the radio
Sex and the Cinema- Less of a taboo casual relationships more common, 100 million tickets sold each week,
Famous 1920s Actors/Actresses- Rudolph Valentino, Theda Bara, Clara Bow
Roaring 20s good
People visited speakeasies- cinema
Labour saving devices
Cars- people travel easily
New music- jazz, soul, blues
New dances- Charleston
Exciting to drink alcohol illegally
Celebrity culture- people followed sports/film stars
More sexual freedom- sex outside marriage- access to contraception.
Roaring 20s bad
Idea that car ownership increasing crime
People worried film stars setting bad examples
Idea that new music,dance, fashion were leading to sinful behavior
Deviance of prohibition- millions involved in illegal activity.
Idea that role of women's role as mothers and housewives under threat.
Red scare
Racism increased because of fear of communism
Police went on strike causing race riots in 25 towns
1919 400,000 workers went on strike.
April 1919 bomb in milwaukee church killed 10- May 36 bombs postes to prominent americans (nearly killed US Attorney, Mitchell Palmer)
J.Edgar Hoover hired by Palmer built files on 60,000 suspects for the bombings - 1919/20 100,000 people deported
Palmer used fear to build campaign- predicted red scare in may 1920- mocked when it didn't happen.
Secretary of Labour Lewis Post found only 556 of thousand of palmers files had any fact.
Trade unionists, african americans, jews, catholics, accused of being communist.
Sacco + Vanzetti
KKK
Formed after american civil war
Aim to terrorize black people freed from slavery
1915 film “birth of a nation” helped revive kkk
1920 members 100,000
1925 meberms 5 million
White anglo saxon protestants (WASPS) = best
KKK fought for Native white protestant supremacy
Hated black people, jews, catholics, communists and foreigners
KKK aim in south terrorize black people into submission.
Governor of Alabama + Senator from Texas prominent members.
“Imperial Wizard”D.C Stephenson guilty of raping + mutilating assistant Madge Oberholzer- this is why KKK declined. v
African americans in the 20s Life was improving
KKK rapidly declined
Harlem renaissance
NAACP led by W.E.B Dubois challenged racism
The UNIA led by Marcus Garvey- black separatism + “Back to africa” movement
Small Black middle class emerged
As a result of NAACP lynchings fell drastically.
Afican american life wasnt improving,
Lived in poverty
Most people didn't participate in harlem renaissance.
Migrated to escape racism
NAACP had limited success- south remained deeply racists
Were desperately poor across america
Federal + state government failed to challenge rasism + lynchings.
Back to africa movement had little success Garvey later jailed and deported.
Moved from south to north to escape poverty
Racism- “Athletic clubs” that attacked black people
Race riots in 1919
Vanishing Americans/ Natives
19th century nearly disappeared as an ethnic group
Forced to move to reservations in midwest
12,000 fought in WW1
Problems natives faced - extreme poverty, lower life expectancy, poorer education + healthcare, discrimination, losing land.
Mining companies legally allowed to seize native land
Native kids sent to boarding schools to assimilate them with us culture
1924- Granted citizenship and allowed to vote
1928 Meriam report- proposed widespread improvement of laws to help natives
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