psych 340(Theories of personalities) final exam (Dr. Brown)

What are the implied components of Rubin's love scale?

Needing, Caring, Trust, and Tolerance

What are the three components of Sternberg's triangular model of love?

Passion, Intimacy, and Commitment

What characterizes passionate love?

An intense physiological and emotional experience that tends to fade over time.

What is compassionate love?

A type of love that can be satisfying and long-lasting.

What is the foundation for lasting relationships?

Intimacy

What are the four attachment styles identified in class data?

Secure attachment, Preoccupied attachment, Fearful attachment, and Unclassified attachment.

What does social exchange theory suggest about interpersonal relationships?

People are sensitive to the rewards and costs provided by the relationship.

What factors does the investment model consider to predict relationship commitment?

Satisfaction with the relationship, perceived alternatives, and investment in the relationship.

What can cause love to turn into hate?

Inevitability of conflict, vulnerability, and unrealistic perceptions of one's partner.

What is the definition of aggression?

Behavior intended to harm where the target does not wish to be harmed.

What are the types of aggression?

Physical, Verbal, and Relational.

What is hostile/reactive aggression?

Aggression tied to aggressive drives, stemming from anger, often unplanned with the goal to hurt.

What is instrumental/proactive aggression?

Deliberate and planned aggression with a purpose other than inflicting pain.

How is testosterone related to aggression?

Some evidence suggests it is associated with increased aggression, likely in an indirect manner.

What is the frustration-aggression hypothesis?

Frustration from being blocked from achieving a goal can increase the probability of an aggressive response.

What is Bandura's social learning theory in relation to aggression?

Aggression can be modeled through observation, such as in the Bobo doll studies.

What is catharsis in the context of aggression?

The idea that expressing aggression through socially acceptable means can reduce tension.

What are effective strategies for reducing aggression?

Modeling non-aggressive behavior, teaching emotion regulation, and building empathy.

What is the role of empathy in reducing aggression?

Feeling empathy toward a person makes it difficult to behave aggressively toward them.

What are the major topics covered in the chapter on consciousness?

Sleep/dreams, Hypnosis, Drugs, Daydreaming/fantasy, and Meditation.

What is the dual process model of cognition?

It describes two modes of thinking: one that is quick and nonconscious, and another that is slower and conscious.

What occurs during REM sleep?

Dreams occur, and everyone dreams multiple times per night.

What is hypnosis?

A trancelike state where the subject is highly responsive to suggestions made by the hypnotist.

What are serotonergic hallucinogens?

Drugs like LSD and psilocybin that cause changes in perception and bizarre cognitive experiences.

What is meditation?

A conscious technique for calming the mind by focusing attention on a focal point.

What is mindfulness?

A practice that focuses on the present moment and requires practice, leading to positive benefits.

What is the internal locus of control associated with?

More adaptive coping and personal effectiveness.

What is learned helplessness?

The belief that one cannot control outcomes, often associated with depression.

What is the cognitive counterpart of learned helplessness?

Learned hopelessness.

What is a depressive attributional style?

Attributing negative events to internal, stable, and global causes.

What is reactance?

The desire to engage in a behavior even more when we perceive our freedom to do so is being taken away.

What is the illusion of control?

The belief that we feel better about situations when we think we can control them, even if we cannot.

What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?

Intrinsic motivation is driven by internal rewards, while extrinsic motivation is driven by external reinforcements or punishments.

What are the three basic needs in self-determination theory?

Competence, relatedness, and autonomy.

What is achievement motivation?

Motivation driven by the desire for affiliation and achievement.

What is Atkinson's theory of achievement behavior?

It describes an emotional conflict between hopes for success and fears of failure.

What do entity theorists believe?

They hold a fixed mindset, believing abilities are innate and unchangeable.

What do incremental theorists believe?

They hold a growth mindset, believing abilities can be developed through effort.

What is the impact of a fixed mindset on behavior?

People fear failure, avoid challenges, and give up easily.

What is the impact of a growth mindset on behavior?

People embrace challenges, do not fear failure, and persevere.

What is the significance of perceived control in achievement motivation?

Believing one has control over outcomes encourages proactive, mastery-oriented behavior.

What is the role of goals in personality dynamics?

Goals provide energy and direction for behavior and are important for personality development.

What is delay of gratification?

The ability to put off an immediate reward for a larger reward later.

What are BEATs in the context of personality?

Beliefs, emotions, and tendencies formed from needs and experiences that shape interpretations of situations.

What is the Thematic Apperception Test?

A projective test used to measure human needs as outlined by Murray.

What are personal projects?

Sets of personally important actions to accomplish chosen or imposed goals.

What is the difference between broad long-term goals and concrete everyday goals?

Broad long-term goals are overarching life goals, while concrete everyday goals are specific tasks or projects.

What is the significance of socio-demographic factors in delaying gratification?

They may explain the association between the ability to delay gratification and later competence.

What are the consequences of frustration?

Fixation, enhanced goal strivings, and regression.

What is Lewin's conflict classification system?

A system that categorizes conflicts into approach-approach, avoidance-avoidance, approach-avoidance, and double approach-avoidance.

What is the relationship between optimism and perceived control?

Optimism is associated with positive physical and mental health, contrasting with feelings of helplessness.

What is the effect of attributing success to oneself?

It encourages a proactive approach to challenges and enhances motivation.