Ch 18: Blood

four chambers of the heart

2 atria

2 ventricles

vessels of the heart

• arteries

• veins

• capillaries

• two circuits

  • pulmonary circuit

  • systemic circuit

function of the heart

• transport substance from both to and from the body’s cells

• thermoregulation

• protection

plasma

• 55% of total blood

• 91% water, 7& proteins, 2% other solutes

albumin

• 58% of plasma proteins

• maintain water balance and transport hormones

Albumin: “A lot of water”

globulins

• 38% of plasma proteins

• immune system fight infection

globulin = “globetrotter protectors” or “Germ Fighter”

fibrinogens

• 4% of plasma proteins

• aid in clot formation

fibrinogens = “FIBER for Clotting”

formed elements of the blood

• 45% of total blood

• cells and cell fragments

• erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes

hematopoiesis

• produces formed elements

• fetus, in several tissues

• after birth, in red bone marrow but some white blood cells are produced in lymphatic tissues

• formed elements in the cells are derived from hematopoietic stem cells

erythrocytes

• 99.9% of formed elements

• nucleus lost during development

• lack mitochondria

• short lived

• transport O2 to tissue

hemoglobin

• main component of erythrocyres

• transport O2

• O2 bind to iron, turning blood bright red

hormonal regulation of erythrocyte production

1. decrease blood O2 levels caused kidneys to increase production of erythropoietin

2. erythropoietin stimulates red bone marrow to produce more erythrocytes

3. increase RBC cause an increase in O2 levels

old erythrocytes and hemoglobin

• old ones are removed from blood by macrophages in the spleen and liver

• globin is broken to amino aids

• ions recycled

• heme is converted to bilirubin

• bilirubin is taken up by liver

leukocytes

• white blood cells

• lack hemoglobin

• larger than erythrocytes

• contain nucleus

function:

• fight infections

• remove dead cells and debris by phagocytosis

Granulocytes

specific granules and include nucleophils, eosinophils, and basophils

agranulocytes

lack large vesicles and include lymphocytes and monocytes

Mnemonic for WBC abundance

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas: Neutrophils > Lymphocytes > Monocytes > Eosinophils > Basophils.

neutrophils

• most numerous

• remain in blood for 10 to 12 hours then to tissues

• phagocytes

• first responder

• innate

eosinophils

• 2nd least numerous

• reduce inflammation

• fight parasitic infection

• in allergic responses

• innate

“Engulf parasites”

basophils

least numerous

• release histamine and heparin

• histamine increase blood vessel permeability

• heparin prevent abdominal blood clotting

• innate

monocytes

3rd most numerous

• largest sized WBC

• become phagocytic macrophages

• innate

lymphocytes

• 2nd most numerous

• adaptive immune response

• several different types of t cells and b cells (adaptive)

• NK cells provide immunological surveillance (innate)

platelets

• minute fragment cells, with cytoplasm surrounded by a membrane

• produced in red bone marrow from large cells called megakaryocytes

function

• blood clotting

• vascular spasm

• platelets plugs

Rh blood group

• Rh+ means having Rh antigens

hemolytic disease of newborn

• mother produce -Rh antibodies cross placenta and agglutination and hemolysis of fetal erythrocytes occur

• fatal to fetus

complete blood count

info of RBC count, hemoglobin, hematocrit and WBC count

hematocrit

• % of total blood volume composed of RBC

• low HCT can indicate anemia

hema- = blood

-crit = measure

hemoglobin

• determine amount of hemoglobin

• low hgb indicates anemia