Studied by 2 people
what are the 4 definitions of abnormality
deviation from social norms, failure to function adequately, deviation from ideal mental health, statistical infrequency
what is deviation from social norms
not adhering to standards constructed by society
what is failure to function adequately
being unable to cope with the demands of day-to-day living
what is deviation from ideal mental health
having a poor mentality, the criteria for which was proposed by Jahoda
what is statistical infrequency
numerical comparison of whole population, considering standard deviation and normal distribution to define an abnormality
list Jahoda’s criteria for good mental health (there are 7)
high self-esteem and avoiding guilt, no symptoms of distress, independence, rational and accurate perception of reality, ability to self-actualize, ability to cope with stress, successfully work, love and enjoy leisure time
what is a phobia
a high level of anxiety in response to a particular stimulus or situation. the extent of fear is disproportionate
give 2 behavioural characteristics of phobias
avoidance, panic
give 2 cognitive characteristics of phobias
irrational beliefs, recognition of overexaggerated anxiety
give 2 emotional characteristics of phobias
persistent and excessive fear, disproportionate levels of anxiety
what is depression
a mood disorder where individuals feel sad and/or lacks interest in their usual activities
2 behavioural characteristics of depression
loss of energy, disruption to eating and sleeping behaviour
2 cognitive characteristics of depression
thoughts of death, dwelling on the negative
2 emotional characteristics of depression
worthlessness, constant depressed mood
what is OCD
an anxiety disorder where anxiety arises from obsessions. compulsions are carried out to reduce anxiety
2 behavioural characteristics of OCD
avoidance, repetitive compulsions
2 cognitive characteristics of OCD
obsessive thoughts, uncontrollable urges
2 emotional characteristics of OCD
distress, embarrassment and shame
which approach is used to explain and treat phobias
behaviourism
how are phobias learnt and maintained, according to behaviourism
learnt through classical conditioning, maintained through operant conditioning. this is called the two-process model
which case study supports that phobias are learnt through classical conditioning
little albert and the white rat
which two treatments does behaviourism use for phobias
systematic desensitisation, flooding
what kinds of phobias is systematic sensitisation not helpful in treating
complex, social phobias
two strengths of systematic desensitisation
ethical, supported by research
two limitations of systematic desensitisation
expensive, long process
two strengths of flooding
quick process, research support
two limitations of flooding
unethical, only suitable for patients in good physical health
which approach is used to explain and treat depression
cognitive
what are the 3 parts of Beck’s negative triad
themselves, the world, the future
what is Ellis’ ABC model
argues that interpretations of events if what causes a persons unhappiness. Activating event, Belief, Consequence. lead to the development of CBT
what kind of therapy is used to treat depression
Cognitive behavioural therapy
which 3 kinds of disputing are used in CBT
logical, empirical, pragmatic
2 strengths of CBT
research support, suitable for depression as it challenges cognitions
2 limitations of CBT
effectiveness depends on the skills of the therapist, not all beliefs of a depressed person are irrational
which approach is used to explain OCD
biological
which two explanations does bio approach give for OCD
genetic, neural
how does bio approach treat OCD
drug therapy
how does Lewis’ study support genetic cause of OCD
37% OCD patients had parents with OCD, 21% had siblings with OCD
what is the incidence of OCD in the general population
1-2%
what have studies shown about OCD in MZ and DZ twins
concordance 80% in MZ and 50% in DZ
What does the diasthesis stress model show
genetic vulnerability and life events both play a role in whether an individual reaches the threshold of having a disorder
why is OCD polygenic
up to 230 genes may be responsible
what does aetiologically heterogenous mean
OCD has different causes in different people
what did Cromer find regarding the link between trauma and OCD
over 50% of OCD clients had experienced a traumatic event and OCD was more severe in those who had suffered 1+ traumas
what have PET scans showed about the frontal lobe and OCD
OCD patients have higher levels of activity in the orbital frontal cortex
why is the caudate nucleus thought to be damaged in OCD patients
the CN normally suppresses signals of things that are worrying from the OFC to the thalamus, but in people with OCD this doesn’t happen; they worry more. This is known as the worry circuit
is serotonin high or low in OCD patients
low
is dopamine high or low in OCD patients
high
evidence from study on rats to support neural explanation of OCD
rats given a drug to increase dopamine production produced compulsive checking behaviours
what does SSRI stand for
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
give the name of the most common SSRI
Prozac
how long do SSRIs take to impact OCD symptoms
3-4 months
why should SSRIs be used alongside CBT
drugs reduce emotion al symptoms so clients can benefit more form CBT, as this cognitive therapy may better fix the root cause of the disorder in a longer-term way
what is an alternative drug to SSRIs
tricyclic antidepressants, SNRIs, which block the reabsorption of both serotonin and adrenaline. these have more side effects, however
how do placebo studies support the use of drug therapies for OCD
in a review of 17 studies, it was found that SSRIs has significantly better outcomes in treating OCD than placebos. symptoms were reduced for around 70% of people taking SSRIs
give two limitations of drug therapy
side effects, review done in 2016 found that CBT more effective than SSRIs
give a strength and a counterpoint of drug therapy
cost effective HOWEVER more long term than CBT
Note
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