#biology/Chapter12
Respiration contains 4 stages:
Takes place in the cytoplasm:
ATP is hydrolysed to produce ADP and a phosphate group. Glucose is then phosphorylated using this phosphate group. This produces a glucose phosphate compound. The phosphate group is added to the 6th carbon in the glucose molecule.
Phosphoglucose isomerase is used to convert glucose into its isomer, fructose 6 phosphate.
ATP is hydrolysed again to produce an extra phosphate group which is added to the fructose phosphate. This results in fructose 1,6 bisphosphate.
Fructose is then converted into 2 molecules of Triose phosphate which are 3 carbon compounds each
The triose phosphate is then dehydrogenated and is reduced to NAD, forming NADH
Each triose phosphate is dephosphorylated and the 2 phosphate groups are then added to ADP to produce 2 ATP molecules each, total 4 ATP molecules.
After dephosphorylation, pyruvate is produced.
2 molecules of NADH is produced.
Occurs in the Matrix
Coenzyme A is then added to the Acetyl compound to from Acetyl CoA
Occurs in the Matrix
Co-enzyme A does not enter the Krebs cycle instead it is recycled to facilitate the next Acetyl compound.
Acetyl combines with a 4C compound called oxaloacetate to form a 6C compound called citrate
Citrate is decarboxylated and dehydrogenated in a series of step to yield CO2 and hydrogen ions.
For every turn of the Krebs cycle, one FADH is produced, 3 NADH is produced, two molecules of CO2 are given off, and one ATP is generated.
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Occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane, also knowns as the cristae
Hydrogen is removed from the NADH and FADH and is split into a proton and an electron. Electron carriers then transport the electron from hydrogen releasing energy as electron moves through the electron transport chain.
Some of the energy moves protons from the matrix into the inner-membrane space of the mitochondrion, causing a concentration gradient.
Protons flow back into the matrix through a protein channel down the concentration gradient. ATP Synthase is part of the protein and as protons pass through, their electrical energy from the protons is used to synthesize ATP (Chemiosmosis)
Oxygen is the final electron acceptor.
In the mitochondrial matrix oxygen is reduced to water.
This forms the aerobic respiration equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2 ————> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
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ATP used: 2
ATP made: 4
Net Gain: 2
ATP used: 0
ATP made: 0
Net Gain: 0
ATP used: 0
ATP made: 2
Net Gain: 2
ATP used: 0
ATP made: 28
Net Gain: 28
Total ATP produced from one respiration cycle: 32