Development Unit Test

what is development?

Physical, intellectual, social, and moral changes across lifespan

what are the three issues of development?

Nature vs. Nurture, Continuity vs. Stages, Stability vs. Change

developmental psychology

the study of how our behaviors and thoughts change throughout life

Nature vs. Nurture

Is development more related to genetics or our environment?

Stability vs. Change

Do our early traits persist when older, or change?

Continuity vs. Stages

Is development gradual and continuous, or does it proceed through a sequence of separate stages?

Methods for researching development

cross sectional and longitudinal

conception

sperm penetrating the egg

what are the developmental periods

natal, prenatal, infancy, neonatal

prenatal

development period before birth

natal

birth of baby

neonatal

baby is 1 month

infancy

period from one month to 18-24 months

zygote

egg becomes fertilized and enters two week period of rapid cell division, zygote attaches to uterine wall after 10 days → outer part of zygote becomes placenta (which filters nutrients)

embryo

2-8 weeks, organs form: liver functions and heart beat

fetus

nine weeks until birth, looks humanlike, digestive system develops and forms

critical period

shortly after birth, optimal period for proper development when an organism is exposed to certain stimuli or experiences

teretogens

Agents, chemicals, or viruses that can reach embryo/fetus and cause harm to baby

teretogen examples

Smoking
Alcohol
Mercury
Drugs and medications
Opioid addiction
Caffeine

babies turn their heads towards

voices

how many inches do babies see from their face

8-12 inches

what do babies gaze longer at

humanlike features

rooting

turns and sucks fingers if you stroke cheek

sucking

without this, baby dies

grasping

baby holds onto finger if you give resistance

moro

defense reflex, will curl into ball

babinski

foot curls if you push it, toes spread if you draw upside down J

baby lifts head at

1 month

baby rolls over at

2-5 months

baby sits without support at

5-7 months

baby stands holding on to parents hands at

5-10 months

baby crawls on hands and knees at

6-11 months

baby pulls self to stand at

6-11 months

baby walks holding onto furniture at

7-13 months

baby stands well alone at

9-14 months

baby walks well alone at

11-14 months

baby walks up steps at

14-22 months

physical milestone for adulthood

menopause

menopause

the ending of the menstrual cycle around 50, decline in sexual reproduction

habituation

a decrease in responsiveness with repeated presentation of the same stimulus

neural development

as babies get older and develop more, they form more neural connections

maturation

Automatic, biological, developmental changes in body or behavior over time (nature) rather than life experiences/learning (nurture)
Contributes to the orderly sequences of developmental changes
Sets basic course of life, life experiences adjusts it
Exs: sitting up, crawling, standing before walking

jean piaget

studied cognitive development

temperament

characteristics we are born with

schema

groups/categories of info in brain

assimilation

adding info into existing schemas

accomadation

changing existing schemas to adapt to new info

piaget's stages of cognitive development

sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, concrete operational stage, formal operational stage

sensorimotor stage

0-2 years
Experience world through our sense
learn to develop object permanence
stranger anxiety.

preoperational stage

2-7
Begin to use words and images to represent ideas, feelings
Egocentric
Animism

concrete operational stage

7-11
Can use concept of conservation
logical thinking

formal operational stage

12+
Abstract thinking
manipulate objects in our minds
metacognition.

egocentrism

Thinking others view things the same way as you do.

animism

Giving thoughts, emotion to inanimate objects.

artificalism

Coined by Piaget: Refers to the religiously oriented idea that all things were created by an intelligent entity that has control over all things. (God)

comservation principle

Part of Piaget's development: Idea that changing form of an object does not mean changing in amount or mass.

theory of mind

Refers to the ability humans have to recognize and attribute mental states not only in themselves but in other people, and to understand that feelings and beliefs we have may be different than others.

criticism of piaget

He underestimates the abilities of children, some children develop more rapidly
Some believe children learn in a gradual continuous way and not in stages.

Vygotsky's Theory of Sociocultural Cognitive Development

Our development is heavily influenced by our social environment
Social and cultural aspects affect our development.

internalization

Process where children learn and absorb knowledge about the world from social context, instead of being specifically told.

zone of proximal development

The ideal difficulty to learn is just below the most difficult. (Challenging yourself enough), argues for continuous development

childhood social development

Infants do not mind strangers before turning one
After turning one, they develop stranger anxiety, starts at the same time as crawling

types of attachment

secure attachment, insecure attachment (anxious ambivalent and avoidant)

secure attachment

confidence that parent will always be there for them
Explores when parent is present
Distressed when parent leaves
Seeks comfort when parent returns and calms down quickly
Does not engage with stranger without parent

insecure attachment

lacking confidence that parent will always be there, unsure if they will be able to help them

anxious ambivalent insecure attachment

Less likely to explore, even with parent
Very distressed when parent leaves
Parent behavior is inconsistent, so child's behavior is inconsistent
Separation \= lots of distress, even when reunited with parent. Want to be comforted, but also want to punish parent for leaving

avoidant insecure attachment

Resists being held by parents and explores environment
Does not go to parents for comfort when they return after leaving
Signs of disengaged parenting

stranger anxiety

Developed after turning one
Babies are nervous and often cry around strangers

what experiment did Harry Harlow perform?

Monkey experiment:
Had two fake mom monkeys; one was soft and the other wasn't
The monkey always chose the soft monkey, even without food

key takeaways from Harlow's monkey experiment

Physical touch builds attachment and provides security + comfort
Skin to skin is important for babies
Humans raised without simulation and attention are frightened, withdrawn, and dysfunctional

imprinting

When animals form attachments during a critical period in their life, even if it's not their parents. (Geese hatching and following whatever it sees first)

Konrad Lorenz

Scientist who studied imprinting, and found out some animals form attachments from imprinting.

what was Mary Ainsworth's study

Baby in a room with mother, stranger comes in and mom leaves. Mom comes back in later, see how fast the baby calms down to determine the type of attachment.

who created basic trust theory

Erikson

what was basic trust theory

Securely attached children have a sense that the world is predictable and reliable
Creates trusting and secure adults

attachment deprivation

Inability for an infant to form an attachment to its mother or caregiver
May lead to problems in the future for the child

self concept

How someone evaluates or perceives themself

social referencing

observing the
behavior of others in social situations to
obtain information or guidance

types of parenting

authoritarian parenting, permissive parenting, authoritative parenting, neglectful parenting

authoritarian parenting

Imposed rules and expected obedience
"Because I said so"
Causes susceptibility to peer pressure
Low parental involvement and strong discipline

permissive parenting

Makes few demands and gives into child's demands
Little to no punishment
Takes orders and instructions from their children
Passive
Gives children the power
High parental involvement and weak discipline

authoritative parenting

Set standards for children that are reasonable and explained
Encourages independence as long as rules are followed
Praise and punishment are equal
High parental involvement and strong discipline

neglectful parenting

Low parental involvement and weak discipline

puberty

The period of secual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

what are the primary sex characteristics

Body structures for reproduction

primary sex characteristics for men

penis and testis

primary sex characteristics for women

vagina and ovaries

menarche

females first menstrual cycle, first "period"

who made the stages of moral development

Kohlberg

what is moral development

Expanded on Piaget's work to make theory that explains development of moral reasoning
Moral development is a continual process that occurs throughout the lifespan

what are the three levels of moral development

level 1: premoral, level 2: conventional, level 3: post conventional

level one of moral development stages

Stage 1: obedience and punishment (avoids punishment)
Stage 2: exchange of favors/reciprocity

level 2 of moral development stages

Stage 3: good boy/girl (what does society think?)
Stage 4: law and order (guilt)

level 3 of moral development stages

Stage 5: social contract (laws need to be followed, if my rights are violated then I can violate laws)
Stage 6: universal ethical principles (justice, equality, human rights)

criticisms of kohlberg

Does moral reasoning really lead to moral behavior?
There is a big difference between knowing what we should do and our actions
Is justice the only aspect of moral reasoning we should consider?
Other factors may play an important role in our moral reasoning
Only tested boys

Erikson's Psychosocial Development stages

infancy, early childhood, preschool, school age, adolescance, young adulthood, middle adulthood, maturity

infancy

Basic conflict: trust vs. mistrust
Important events: feeding
Children develop trust from reliability and affection of caregiver

early childhood

Basic conflict: Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
Important events: toilet training
Children need to develop personal control over physical skills

preschool

Basic conflict: initiative vs. guilt
Important events: exploration
Children need to develop sense of personal control over environment

school age

Basic conflict: industry vs. inferiority
Important events: school
Children need to cope with social and academic demands