Unit 13- Human Body Systems Part 1

What comes after Cells? (example: smooth muscle cell)

Tissues (example: smooth muscle tissue)

What comes after Tissues? (example: smooth muscle tissue)

Organs (example: stomach)

What comes after Organs? (example: stomach)

Organ systems (example: digestive system)

What comes after Organ systems (example: digestive system)

Organisms (example: Human)

Negative feedback (example: blood sugar returning to a set point after and between meals)

Counteracts change in the body that moves conditions above or below a set point

Positive feedback (example: child birth; torn blood vessel stimulates release of clotting factors until wound is sealed)

Increases the rate of change away from the set points

The purpose of the muscular system and its parts/functions

Works with skeletal muscles and the nervous to produce movement of structures or materials throughout the body.

Skeletal Muscle

● Muscle attaches to the skeleton by tendons.

● Tendons connect muscle to bone

● Muscles are mostly voluntary

Smooth Muscle

● Muscle lines organs and is involuntary.

● Moves food through digestive organs

● Empties liquid from the bladder

● Controls width of blood vessels

Cardiac Muscle

●  Muscle is found only in the heart.

● Pumps blood throughout body

● Under involuntary control

● Contains more mitochondria than skeletal muscle cells

One of the two main pathways the heart pumps blood through. (Having to do with the lungs)

Pulmonary

One of the two main pathways the heart pumps blood through. (Related to the whole system)

Systemic

Arteries-

● Carry blood away from the heart

● Strong and flexible

● Blood under great pressure

● Thicker, more muscular walls

Veins-

● Carry blood back to the heart.

● Blood under less pressure

● Thinner walls, larger diameter

● Valves prevent backflow

Plasma

● Key factor in maintains homeostasis 

● liquid portion of blood, mostly water

● Contains dissolved substances, enzymes, hormones, salts, waste products

● Plays a important role in movement of water, gasses, nutrients and ones between capillaries & cells

Red blood cells

● Transport O2 to cells and carry away CO2

● RBC’s produced in bone marrow

● Hemoglobin in an iron-rich protein that allows more O2 to bind to each RBC

● Each hemoglobin binds with up to four O2 molecules

White blood cells

● Fight pathogens and destroy foreign matter 

● Also considered part of the immune system 

● Do not contain hemoglobin

Platelets

● Are cell fragments that help form clots to control bleeding ● Blood clotting uses a positive feedback loop

● The body increases the rate of change until the wound is healed

Pathway of O2

Mouth &/or nose, larynx, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, capillary, RBC (hemoglobin), body cells

Pathway of CO2

Body cells, dissolves in blood, capillary, alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi, trachea, larynx, mouth and/or nose

Function of epiglottis

Regulates airflow into the trachea. It is a small, cartilaginous flap that closes to prevent food and liquid from going into the trachea.

Function of Alveoli

In the lungs are the site of gas exchange and serve to increase the surface area of the lungs so that more gas exchange can occur. A complex network of capillaries surrounds and penetrates the alveoli, allowing O2 to diffuse from an area of high concentration in the alveoli to an area of low concentration in the capillaries and CO2 to diffuse out of capillaries and into the alveoli to be exhaled.

Function of Diaphragm

A dome-shaped sheet of muscle that sits under the lungs. As it contracts and relaxes, the lungs expand and relax, forcing air inwards (inhalation) and outwards (exhalation).

Which circulation belongs in the box?

Pulmonary

Which circulation belongs in the box?

Systemic

What goes in the box?

Pulmonary artery (deoxygenated blood)

What goes in the box?

Pulmonary vein (oxygenated blood)

What goes in the box?

Deoxygenated blood

What goes in the box?

Oxygenated blood

Lung diseases

Reduces airflow & oxygenated absorption

Emphysema

Destroys alveoli

Asthma

Constricts airways

Cystic fibrosis

Produces sticky mucus in the lungs

Mechanical Digestion

Breaks up food by physical means, such as chewing in the mouth. This serves to increase the surface area of the food particles so that more of it can be exposed to digestive enzymes.

Chemical Digestion

Breaks up food by chemical means and involves the use of enzymes, such as pepsin in the stomach or amylase in the small intestine.

Esophagus

A muscular tube that connects the mouth to the

Stomach

● A muscular sac that can stretch to nearly twice its original size

● Digestions of proteins begins in the stomach (and small intestine)

● Mechanical digestion occurs as the walls of the stomach contract to mix food with gastric juices

● Chemical digests food using hydrochloric acid (HCl) and enzyme called pepsin to break down proteins

Liver

● Produces bile, which is stored in the gallbladder

● Liver, gallbladder, and pancreas secrete enzymes to finish digestions of fats and proteins

Gallbladder

● Liver, gallbladder, and pancreas secrete enzymes to finish digestions of fats and proteins

● Stores and releases bile which helps digest fats in the small intestine

Pancreas

● Liver, gallbladder, and pancreas secrete enzymes to finish digestions of fats and proteins

● Aid in digestion, releases enzymes to help digest fats & proteins

Small intestine

● From stomach to small intestine where digestion is completed.

● Digestion of fats and carbohydrates occurs in the small intestine

● Most absorption occurs in small intestine

3 Structures in small intestine help absorb nutrients

1. Villi
2. Microvilli
3. Folded lining

Villi-

Also increases surface area

Microvilli-

Cover villi & absorb nutrients

Folded lining-

Adds surface area & slows food

Large intestine

Also known as the colon is a long tube which absorbs water and helps maintain body fluid balance

Rectum

Undigested material forms the solid feces and stored in the rectum

Anus

Undigested solid feces eliminated through anus

How food/nutrients go from its original form to one that can enter the bloodstream through microvilli.

Most absorption of nutrients occurs in the small intestines. Nutrients enter the circulatory system or lymphatic systems through microvilli. Nutrients are then distributed throughout the body by the circulatory system.

What is this component?

Mouth

What is the component?

Esophagus

What is the component?

Liver

What is the component?

Stomach

What is the component?

Gallbladder

What is the component?

Pancreas

What is the component?

Small intestine

What is the component?

Large intestine

What is the component?

Rectum

What is the component?

Anus

Peristalsis

The rhythmic, involuntary contraction of the smooth muscles in the walls of digestive organs, which helps to move food through the organs.

Sphincter

A ring of muscle that separates the areas of the digestive system. It can open and close to keep food moving in one direction.

Give an example of a sphincter in the body

Anal sphincter, esophageal sphincter (between esophagus and stomach), pyloric sphincter (between stomach and small intestine)

Carbohydrates

Begins in the mouth by the enzyme salivary amylase, continues in small intestine by amylase

Proteins

Main site is stomach ; the enzyme pepsin along with hydrochloric acid (HCl) break down proteins into amino acids, which get absorbed in the small intestine

Lipids

Main site is small intestine; bile (made in liver, stored in gallbladder) is released into the small intestine, which emulsifies the fat (breaks it into small droplets), which is then absorbed through the small intestine

Label the structures

Liver

Label the structure

Stomach

Label the structure

Gallbladder

Label the structure

Pancreas

Label the structure

Small intestine

Function of the Liver in digestion

Produces bile that helps to digest fats

Function of the gallbladder in digestion

Stores bile to be released into the small intestine

Function of the pancreas in digestion

• Releases an alkaline fluid to help neutralize the acid and stop the action of pepsin

• Also releases enzymes to break down starches into simple sugars

Function of bile

Breaks down large fat globules into smaller droplets

Small intestine (descriptive)

The small intestine is the site of nutrient absorption. The complex molecules of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats that were broken down in digestion are absorbed into the bloodstream to be delivered to cells through the cells of the small intestine.

Large intestine (descriptive)

The large intestine (colon) is a long tube which helps maintain the body’s fluid balance. Undigested material forms the solid feces, which are stored in rectum, and eliminated through the anus. The small intestine is longer and more narrow while the large intestine is shorter but wider in diameter.

How food goes from its original form to nutrients that can enter the bloodstream. Identify what structures in the small intestine assist in nutrient absorption.

Food is digested in the mouth, stomach, and first part of the small intestine into smaller components, such as simple sugars and amino acids. These smaller molecules are absorbed into the bloodstream through the walls of the small intestine. The lining of the small intestine consists of folds to help increase surface area. These folds are covered in small extensions called villi, which are covered in even smaller extensions called microvilli. Nutrients enter the circulatory or lymphatic systems through microvilli. Nutrients are then distributed throughout the body.

Purpose of the excretory system/urinary system

To remove the body of waste.

Kidneys-

Filter and clean the blood (waste out of the blood) to produce urine; a pair of bean shaped organs.

Renal artery & renal vein

Transport blood to from the kidneys

Renal

Means related to kidneys

Ureter

Transports waste to urinary bladder

3 basic functions of maintaining homeostasis

● Remove waste from blood

● Help maintain electrolyte balance, pH and fluid balance

● Release key hormones

Bladder

Stores the urine before removal

Urethra

Where urine leaves the body

Liver

Removes toxins & drugs, detoxifies the body

Skin

Sweat glands removes excess salts & toxins from the blood

Lungs

Removes carbon dioxide & water from the body

Function of the excretory system

Nonsolid wastes are eliminated through an excretory system. Waste products include toxic materials, excess water, salts, CO2, urea (in the form of urine), minerals, and vitamins.

Label the excretory system structures

Skin

Label the excretory system structures

Skin

Label the excretory system structures

Lung

Label the excretory system structures

Kidney

Label the excretory system structures

Ureter

Label the excretory system structures

Urinary bladder

Label the excretory system

Urethra

Function unit of the kidney

○ Nephron

○ Filters blood to remove waste

○ Reabsorbs excess water back into the blood