212 Stupid Quiz for losers and babies

pissed

Why do we need design research?

Our design does not always work as we planned.

Research helps us to do a better job.

How to study Environment-Behavior relationships

• Design Challenge

• Literature Review

• Empirical Research

• Design Innovation

Design Challenge

How can something be improved?

Literature Review

Identifying and critically evaluating existing literature on a specific topic/research question.

Empirical Research

Propose a specific research question, select appropriate data collection methods, collect and analyze data.

Appropriate data collection methods

• Observation

• Survey

• Interview

• Simulation

Data

A collection of facts

Qualitative Data

Descriptive (think quality)

• Nominal

• Ordinal

Quantitative Data

Numerical (think quantity)

• Discrete

• Continuous

Nominal Data

Qualitative

Binary observations

(cat is black and gray/I am mad we have a quiz tomorrow)

Ordinal Data

Qualitative

To what degree is something

(cat is somewhat cute/I am very mad we have a quiz tomorrow)

Discrete Data

Quantitative

Whole, specific, unchanging, (for the most part) numbers (I think past values?)

(cat has 4 legs/I have cursed this class twice in the last hour)

Continuous Data

Quantitative

Integers that can change at any moment (present values?)

(cat weighs 5 pounds/my heart rate is 150 bpm right now)

Qualitative Research

To understand topics from personal perspectives.

Researchers immerse themselves and identify patterns; raw data transferred to narratives

Observation→Pattern→Hypothesis→Theory

(bass have gills, they are fish→groupers have gills, they are fish→etc.→all fish have gills)

Quantitative Research

To explain phenomena by examining relationships

between empirically measured variables.

To generalize findings and contribute to theory

Theory→Hypothesis→Observation→Confirmation

(all bass have gills→this is a bass→therefore it probably has gills)

Variable

any characteristic or quality that differs in degree or kind and can be measured.

• Independent

• Dependent

• Control

• Confounding

Independent Variable

Predictor (amount of ice cream eaten directly affects)

Dependent Variable

Outcome (weight gain)

Control Variable

Variable that will remain constant in a study (kind of ice cream)

Confounding Variable

Uncontrollable variable which ranges from person to person (amount of exercise, diet, etc.)

Quantitative Research Design

• Experimental

• Non-experimental

Qualitative Research Design

• Phenomenology

• Ethnography

• Case study research

• Grounded theory

• Historical research

Mixed Methods

• Sequential

• Concurrent

• Transformative

Post-occupancy study

• Environmental Intervention (top)

• Test (right)

Pre- and post-occupancy study

• Environmental Intervention (top)

• Test (right)

• Pre-test (left)

Quasi-experimental study

• TOP LEVEL

  • Environmental Intervention (top)

  • Test (right)

  • Pre-test (left)

• BOTTOM LEVEL

  • No Intervention (bottom)

  • Group 2 Test (right)

  • Group 2 Pre-test (left)

Experimental study

• TOP LEVEL

  • Environmental Intervention (top)

  • Test (right)

  • Pre-test (left)

• BOTTOM LEVEL

  • No Intervention (bottom)

  • Group 2 Test (right)

  • Group 2 Pre-test (left)

• Random assignment of subjects (far left)

Population

The entire set of possible cases

Sample

A subset of the population from which data are collected

Representative Sample

A subset of the population from which data are collected that accurately reflects the population.

Sampling Bias

Systematic favoring of certain outcomes due to the methods employed to obtain the sample.

Sample Methods

• Simple Random Sampling

• Convenience Sampling

Simple Random Sampling

A method of obtaining a sample from a population in which every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.

Convenience Sampling

A method of obtaining a sample from a population by ease of accessibility; such a sample is not random and may not be representative of the intended population.

Measurement Methods

• Self-reports

• Observation

• Instrumental Recording

• Indirect Measures

Self-reports

• Cognitive Mapping

• Interview & focus groups

• Surveys

Observation

Get the big picture, watch what people do in their environments

Answer specific questions

Statistical analysis

Instrumental Recording

• Image Recording

• Physiological recording

• Movement measurement

• Environment recording

Indirect Measures

• Archives (sales/medical records)

• Physical Aggregation (graffiti/trash)

• Physical Erosion (path erosion/maintenance)

• Demographic Data

Obesity Epidemic Statistics

• 42.4% of American adults are obese

• 1/5 American children are obese

• Global obesity has almost tripled since 1975

• In 2016, 39% of adults globally were overweight and 13% obese

• 340 million people aged 5-19 were overweight/obese in 2016

Obesity Epidemic Cause

Bad Design

Genetics + Energy Imbalance

Energy Imbalance

Energy Intake > Energy Exertion

(Unhealthy Diet + Physical Inactivity)

Active Living

A way of life that integrates physical activity into daily routines.

Needs support from physical environments.

Socio-ecological Model

• Public Policy

• Community

• Organizational

• Interpersonal

• Individual

Elements of an Active Living Community

• Community Design Destinations

• School/Work

• Home

• Park & Rec

• Transportation System

3 D’s + R

• Destination

• Distance

• Density

• Route

Key Features of Walkable Communities

• High density

• Mixed land uses

• Connected street systems

• Short distance to destinations

• Human-scale design

Key Features of Auto-Dependent Communities

• Low density

• Segregated land uses

• Disconnected street systems

• Long distance to destinations

• Auto-oriented design