philosophy quiz.

PHILOSOPHY AS MULTIFACETED

• It is complex and multifaceted as it explores questions about existence, knowledge, morality, and origin of things.

• It involves rigorous and systematic examination of all things that exist in our mind and exist in our physical world.

VARIOUS MEANINGS OF PHILOSOPHY TODAY

A. PHILOSOPHY AS A PERSONAL VIEW OF LIFE

B. PHILOSOPHY AS REASON AND REFLECTIVE THINKING

C. PHILOSOPHY AS SPECULATION

D. PHILOSOPHY AS LINGUSITIC

ANALYSIS

E. PHILOSOPHY AS ISSUES AND SOLUTION

A. PHILOSOPHY AS A PERSONAL VIEW OF LIFE

Includes your beliefs, values and reflection on how you perceive and direct your life.

B. PHILOSOPHY AS REASON AND REFLECTIVE THINKING

This encourages people to engage in critical analysis and logical reasoning.

C. PHILOSOPHY AS SPECULATION

This is about contemplating on question with no definitive answer. It goes beyond empirical

D. PHILOSOPHY AS LINGUSITIC ANALYSIS

It emerged due to philosophical problems which arise due to linguistic confusion. Language as a tool for clarification of concepts.

E. PHILOSOPHY AS ISSUES AND SOLUTION

It shapes our understanding of the world

PHILOSOPHY

philosophy comes from the Greek words: philos (love) and Sophia (wisdom). The Ancient Greeks used this term to refer to a "love for wisdom" and soon to be applied to a science or discipline which uses human reasons to investigate the ultimate causes, reasons, and principles which govern all things.

philos

(love)

Sophia

(wisdom).

love for wisdom

The Ancient Greeks used this term to refer to a "________" and soon to be applied to a science or discipline which uses human reasons to investigate the ultimate causes, reasons, and principles which govern all things.

PHILOSOPHY:

• is an activity people undertake when they seek to understand fundamental truths about themselves, the world in which they live, and their relationships to the world and to each other.

• To study philosophy, you need to perpetually engaged in asking, answering, and arguing regarding life's most basic questions.

PHILOSOPHY IS DIVIDED INTO MAJOR AREAS OF STUDY

1. METAPHYSICS

2. EPISTEMOLOGY

3. ETHICS

4. LOGIC

METAPHYSICS

is the study of the nature of reality, of what exists in the world, what it is like, and how it is ordered.

In ______ philosophers wrestle with such questions as:

1. Is there a God?

2. What is truth?

3. What is a person? What makes a person the same through time?

4. Do people have minds? If so, how is the mind related to the body? Sep

5. Do people have free will?

EPISTEMOLOGY

is the study of knowledge. It is primarily concerned with what we can know about the world and how we can know it. Typical questions concern in ____ are:

1. What is knowledge?

2. Do we know anything at all?

3. How do we know what we know?

4. Can we be justified in claiming to know certain things?

ETHICS

study of ____ often concerns what we ought to do and what it would be best to do. In struggling with this issue, larger questions about what is good and right arise. So, the ethicist attempts to answer such questions as:

1. What is good? What makes actions or people good?

2. What is right? What makes actions right?

3. Is morality objective or subjective?

4. How should I treat others?

LOGIC

Another important aspect of the study of philosophy is the arguments or reasons given for people's answers to these questions. To this end philosophers employ logic to study the nature and structure of arguments. Logicians ask such questions as:

1. What constitutes "good" or "bad" reasoning?

2. How do we determine whether a given piece of reasoning is good or bad?

WESTERN PHILOSOPHY

• Ancient Greece loved learning.

• It focused on finding truth through argument and theory.

• Reason was key, more than faith.

• This led to scientific and individualistic thinking.

Sophists

An important group in Ancient Greece.

They were teachers who traveled and taught.

Learning was through discussion and arguments.

Pythagoras

• called themselves Philosophos - a term which means "lovers of wisdom."

Pythagoras (570 BCE - 495 BCE)

-Mathematician and scientist.

-Credited with Pythagorean theorem.

-Believed number is universe's language.

-Key to understanding reality's order.

-Souls undergo transmigration (reincarnation).

-Had many followers.

Heraclitus (535 BCE - 475 BCE)

-Proposed "logos" (rational divine intelligence) orders everything.

-Change is a permanent human aspect.

-Doctrine of change: "panta rhei" ("everything flowing").

-Famous saying: "No man has ever stepped on the same river twice."

Democritus (460 BCE - 370 BCE)

-Often called "laughing philosopher."

-Studied natural phenomena's causes.

-First to propose matter is tiny particles called atoms.

-Everything caused by atoms' motion.

-Needed "void" (empty space) for atoms to move.

-Influenced physics and chemistry.

Diogenes of Sinope (412 BCE - 323 BCE)

-Advocated simple, virtuous life.

-Believed virtue should be shown in actions, not just words.

-Vocal critic of Plato and Aristotle.

Socrates (470 BCE - 399 BCE)

-Considered a foremost ancient philosopher.

-Made great contributions to ethics.

-Helped inquiring minds find wisdom.

-Known as the "Father of Ethics."

-His ideas spread through Plato's writings.

-Used innovative questioning and dialogue for growth.

-Devised the Socratic Method (questioning technique).

-His ethics focused on "aretē" (pursuit of virtue).

-Believed character development leads to a meaningful life.

Plato (427 BCE - 347 BCE)

-His teachings founded Western philosophy.

-Noted Socrates' lectures, added his own ideas.

-Founded the Academy.

-Proposed the "theory of forms."

-Forms are non-physical, eternal, unchanging ideas in the mind.

-Material world is a shadow of these perfect forms.

-Believed the soul has three parts:

• Rational: Seeks truth and knowledge.

• Spirited: Deals with emotions and courage.

• Appetitive: Concerns desires and basic needs.

-Justice comes when each soul part works in harmony.

-Proposed an ideal government: "Kallipolis" (beautiful city).

-Ruled by "Philosopher-Kings" (wise leaders).

-Defended by "Warriors" (soldiers/protectors).

-Supported by "Producers" (farmers, artisans, merchants).

Aristotle (384 BCE - 322 BCE)

-Attended Plato's Academy, prominent student.

-Disagreed with Plato's Theory of Forms.

-Reality based on perception and senses.

-His views influenced physical sciences.

-Considered the "Father of Logic."

-Developed a formal system for reasoning.

-Called his method "deductive reasoning."

-Deductive reasoning draws specific conclusions from general statements.

Rational

Seeks truth and knowledge.

Spirited

Deals with emotions and courage.

Appetitive

Concerns desires and basic needs.

Archimedes (287 BCE - 212 BCE)

-Gained fame for his practical philosophical inquiries.

-Considered a leading ancient scientist.

-Was a mathematician, physicist, engineer, inventor, and astronomer.

-Credited with inventions like the Archimedes screw (for raising water).

-Developed a method for determining volume using displacement.

-Pioneered using mathematics to analyze natural phenomena.