BYU Psych

Which of the following is not true about Wundt's significant contributions to the scientific study of psychology?
He established the first scientific laboratory dedicated to the study of humans.He studied philosophy and physiology.He disagreed with Sigmund Freud's focus on sexual influences.He wanted to test objectively and observe philosophical principles of past writings.

He disagreed with Sigmund Freud's focus on sexual influences.

Which of the following is not an example of how the debates of early philosophers over the relationship of the precise measurements of the physical body and the vague measurements of the mind contributed to the birth of modern psychological study?
Early philosophers acknowledged that personal bias was causing them to remember some facts and to ignore others more than they should have.These debates help modern psychology students stop worrying about facts and focus more on gut feelings.Analyzing and explaining opened the door to experimentation and more careful recording of success and failure of assertions.These early observations set the stage for proving real relationships of correlation and causation.

These debates help modern psychology students stop worrying about facts and focus more on gut feelings.

The focus of functionalism differed from the focus of structuralism by (select all that apply)
trying to describe why cognitive structures combined emotions and sensationstrying to describe how cognitive structures combined emotions and sensationslooking only at the functioning of active people

trying to describe why cognitive structures combined emotions and sensationstrying to describe how cognitive structures combined emotions and sensations

psychoanalytic

Freud; subconscious; determinism; anxiety; defense mechanisms; neo-Freudians: Erikson, Horney, Adler, Jung
subconscious motivation, conflict

humanistic

Maslow, Rogers, individual choice, free will, self actualization, genuineness, unconditional positive regard
positive, hierarchy of needs

behavioristic

Watson, Pavlov, Little Albert, classical conditioning, Skinner, operant conditioning
objective, based purely on observable actions

eclectic

a combination of portions of two or more approaches

cognitive

Ellis, Glasser, belief, conscious choice
thought, interpretations, rethinking

The first woman president of the American Psychological Association was \__________.

Mary Whiton Calkins

The first woman to receive a PhD in psychology was \__________.

Margaret Floy Washburn

Which of the people listed were likely to argue that you are a result of your nature/heredity/genes?

Plato and Descartes

Which of the people listed were likely to argue that you are a result of your nurture/learning/environment?

Aristotle and Locke

Companies hiring a psychologist to help with morale or productivity would be hiring someone practicing \_____________.

applied research

Research studies and findings would usually be reported and written by someone involved in \___________.

basic research

Most therapists would be classified as involved in\_____________.

clinical research

Surveying the same person or people over many years is an example of \__________________.

longitudinal study

Freud's theories were based on his assumption that all or most people would think and react in the same way he and his few patients reacted. This is an example of using a \_________________.

case study

Watching and evaluating someone in his or her home without disrupting their normal routine is an example of \______________.

naturalistic observation

When two factors are related but do not cause the other to increase (like sunburns and evaporation), they are \_____________ to each other.

correlated

When a correlation of -.98 is reported as being associated between two factors, when one factor increases, the other factor \_____________.

decreases

You are sitting on your porch one night thinking, looking at the stars and wondering what's really out there. Are there people on other worlds? What about those near-death experiences people report? I wonder how I would interview someone like E.T. or Abraham Lincoln? What would they say if I could talk with them? If I analyzed brain waves of newborns and found them similar to those of adults, could I find a way to access language and thoughts before they forgot their thoughts and learned language? These thoughts and analyses are common forms of \__________________."think about thinking"

metacognition

Large differences, reliable sample averages, large sample sizes, and non-chance differences are factors that identify a sample as statistically \_______________.

significant

empiricism

the view that knowledge comes from experience via the senses, and science flourishes through observation and experimentation

Which is the correct sequence in the transmission of a neural impulse?

dendrite—cell body—axon—synapse

During an action potential, the electrical state of the axon becomes

depolarized, as positively charged atoms are admitted

Which is the correct sequence in the transmission of a simple reflex?

sensory neuron—interneuron—motor neuron

The brain research technique that involves monitoring the brain's usage of glucose is called (in abbreviated form) the

PET scan

The technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer images of structures with the brain is called

MRI

If Dr. Rogers wishes to conduct an experiment on the effects of stimulating the reward centers of a rat's brain, he should insert an electrode into the

hypothalamus

Though there is no single "control center" for emotions, their regulation is primarily attributed to the brain region known as the

limbic system

Based on research, which of the following seems true about the specialized functions of the right and left hemispheres?

Most complex activities emerge from the integrated activity of both hemispheres.

Which of the following is typically controlled by the left hemisphere?

arithmetic reasoning

Following a gunshot wound to his head, Jack became more uninhibited, irritable, and profane. It is likely that his personality change was the result of injury to his

frontal lobe

The visual cortex is located in the

occipital lobe

Voluntary movements, such as writing with a pencil, are directed by the

somatic nervous system

Heartbeat, digestion, and other self-regulating bodily functions are governed by the

autonomic nervous system

I am a relatively slow-acting (but long-lasting) chemical messenger carried throughout the body by the bloodstream. What am I?

hormone

A bodybuilder friend of yours suddenly seems to have grown several inches in height. You suspect that your friend's growth spurt has occurred because he has been using drugs that affect the

pituitary gland

Of the following, the best way to separate the effects of genes and environment in research is to study

identical twins raised in different environments

A pair of adopted children or identical twins reared in the same home is most likely to have similar

religious beliefs

Each cell of the human body has a total of

46 chromosomes

If chromosomes are the "books" of heredity, the "words" are the \_________and the "letters" are the \___________.

genes; nucleotides

Which is the correct order of stages of prenatal development?

zygote, embryo, fetus

The rooting reflex occurs when a

newborn's cheek is touched

The developmental theorist who suggested that securely attached children develop an attitude of basic trust is

Erikson

In Piaget's stage of concrete operational intelligence, the child acquires an understanding of the principle of

conservation

An elderly person who can look back on life with satisfaction and reminisce with a sense of completion has attained Erikson's stage of

integrity

Piaget held that egocentrism is characteristic of the \________.

preoperational stage

A person's general ability to think abstractly is called \____________intelligence. This ability generally \___________with age.

fluid; decreases

In preconventional morality, the person

obeys to avoid punishment or to gain concrete rewards

Erikson, Erik

Neo-Freudian became psycho-social theorist. Believed that human behavior and personalities result from a combination of heredity and cultural influences. Established eight stages of development, each stage with a conflict between individual instinct and external restraints.

Hall, G. Stanley

A student of Wundt's; established what many consider the first American psychology laboratory at Johns Hopkins University, 1883.

Harlow, Harry

Experimented with baby monkeys in cages with a wire "mother" who had milk and a cloth "mother" who did not have any milk. The babies preferred contact comfort over food.

Kohlberg, Lawrence

Developed theory that focuses on the formation of moral beliefs and principles.

Mendel, Gregor

Austrian monk who discovered and studied dominant and recessive traits from experiments on round and wrinkled peas; 1867

Piaget, Jean

Described development in terms of four cognitive stages: sensorimotor (0-2 yrs.) preoperational (2-7 yrs.), concrete operational (7-11 yrs.), and formal operations (12-15 yrs.).

A neuron will generate action potentials more often when it

receives more excitatory than inhibitory inputs

Which of the following is correct?
Early maturation places both boys and girls at a distinct social disadvantage.Early maturing boys are more popular and self-assured than boys who mature late.Early maturation places both boys and girls at a distinct social advantage.Early maturing girls are more popular and self-assured than girls who mature late.

Early maturing boys are more popular and self-assured than boys who mature late.

The first psychology laboratory was established by \_______________ in the year \___________________.

Wundt; 1879

Harlow's studies of attachment in monkeys showed that

a cloth mother produced the greatest attachment response

Gender refers to

the biological and social definition of male and female

Which of the following perspectives describes the process of natural selection that preserves traits that enhance an organism's ability to adapt and diminishes its traits that are not adaptive?

evolutionary perspective

Dr. Ross believes that principles of natural selection help explain why infants come to fear strangers about the time they become mobile. Dr. Ross is most likely a(n)

evolutionary psychologist

Given the text discussion in chapter 4 of life satisfaction patterns, which of the following people is likely to report the greatest life satisfaction?
Mildred, a seventy-year-old retired teacherAlan, a thirty-year-old accountantBilly, a seven-year-old second-gradertoo little information to tellKathy, a seventeen-year-old high-school senior

too little information to tell

The axons of certain neurons are covered by a layer of fatty tissue that helps speed neural transmission. This tissue is

the myelin sheath

During which stage of cognitive development do children acquire object permanence?

sensorimotor

Melissa has just completed running a marathon. She is so elated that she feels little fatigue or discomfort. Her lack of pain is probably the result of the release of

endorphins

The Greek philosopher who believed that intelligence was inherited was

Plato

When psychologists discuss maturation, they are referring to stages of growth that are not influenced by

nurture

Which of the following is typically controlled by the right hemisphere of the brain?

perceptual tasks

According to Erikson, the central psychological challenges pertaining to adolescence, young adulthood, and middle age, respectively, are

identity formation; intimacy; generativity

The procedure designed to ensure that the experimental and control groups do not differ in any way except with the presence of the independent variable is called

random assignment

The philosophical views of John Locke are to those of René Descartes as \__________ is to \__________.

nurture; nature

In order to determine the effects of a new drug on memory, one group of subjects is given a pill that contains the drug. A second group is given a sugar pill that does not contain the drug. This second group constitutes the

control group

Analyzing different strategies and approaches used in studying, learning, memorizing, therapy, perception, loving, or any human process is exciting and intriguing. This "thinking about thinking" appears to be unique to humans. This process is called

metacognition

Which seventeenth-century philosopher believed that some ideas are innate?

Descartes

Which is the correct sequence of stages in Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

Stranger anxiety develops at the same time as

the concept of object permanence

The neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) is most likely to be found

at the junction between motor neurons and muscle fibers

The procedure designed to ensure that the experimental and control groups do not differ in any way that might affect the experiment's results is called

random assignment

Which type of research strategy would allow you to determine whether students' college grades accurately predict later income?

correlation

The seventeenth-century philosopher who believed that the mind is blank at birth and that most knowledge comes through sensory experience is

Locke

Martina believes that high doses of caffeine slow a person's reaction time. In order to test this belief, she has five friends each drink three 8-ounce cups of coffee and then measures their reaction time on a learning task. What is wrong with Martina's research strategy?

no control condition

Dr. Johnson briefly flashed a picture of a key in the right visual field of a split brain patient. The patient could probably

verbally report that a key was seen

Compared to when he was younger, 4-year-old Antonio is better able to empathize with his friends' feelings. This growing ability to see from another's perspective indicates that Antonio is acquiring a

theory of mind

Which of the following is not a correct description of a brain research technique?

Using a PET scan to examine the brain's structure.

Insecurely attached infants who are left by their mothers in an unfamiliar setting often will

be indifferent toward their mothers on their return

Adoption studies show that the personalities of adopted children

bear more similarities to those of their biological parents than to those of their adoptive parents

The term "critical period" refers to

a restricted time for learning

Longitudinal tests

study the same people at different times

In Piaget's theory, conservation is to egocentrism as the \_________ stage is to the \_______ stage.

concrete operational; preoperational

Your brother has been taking prescription medicine and experiencing a number of unpleasant side effects, including unusually rapid heartbeat and excessive perspiration. It is likely that the medicine is exaggerating activity in the

sympathetic nervous system

The cross-sectional method

compares people of different ages with one another

Adolescence is marked by the onset of

puberty

After puberty, the self-concept usually becomes

more positive in both boys and girls

Beginning at the front of the brain and working backward, then down and around, which of the following is the correct order of the cortical regions?

frontal lobe; parietal lobe; occipital lobe; temporal lobe

Which of the following most accurately expresses the extent of parental influence on personality?

It is more limited than popular psychology supposes.

A double-blind procedure would be critical for which of the following?

Assessing the treatment designed to reduce schizophrenic symptoms.

Which of the following research strategies would be best for determining whether alcohol impairs memory?

experiment

Which of the following are governed by the simplest neural pathways?

reflexes