western civilization midterm

revolutionary development around 10,000 BCE resulting in village life?

farming and agriculture

Babylonian king who issued an early code of written laws during the 18th century B.C.E

Hammurabi

3rd millennium B.C.E Mesopotamian ruler who conquered Akkadian cities along the Euphrates while boasting of his humble background

Sargon

identify the city marked x

Euphrates 

identify the sea marked x

persian

identify the city marked x

tigris 

identify the city marked x

babylon

Egyptian pharaoh, also known as Akhenaton, who adopted a form of monotheism during the 14th century B.C.E

Amenhotep IV

new kingdom female egytptian pharaoh whose twenty year reign featured the successful conquest of Nubia and her official depiction with traditional male features 

Hatshepsut 

identify the city marked x

nile

7th century B.C.E nassyrian ruler famous for wrestling lions and assembling a library containing some 30,00 ancient texts

Ashurbanipal

the Hebrew religion

believed in an omnipotent God, Yahweh. Was an ethical religion centered around the Ten Commandments. Taught there was a covenant between the hebrews and yahweh 

identify the correct order from the earliest the latest in time

Assyrian-hittite- Babylonian- Chaldean

Babylonian-hittite-assyrian-chaldean

identify the city marked x

aegean 

identify the sea marked x

Red Sea

identify the city marked x

Carthage city

6th century B.C.E greek leader known as the father of athenian democracy for instituting reforms such as the demes system.

cleisthenes 

identify the city marked x

Athens city

persian ruler from 522 to 486 B.C.E dubbed the shopkeeper for his emphasis on taxation and trade

darius

founder of the Persian empire who conquered Asia Minor, Babylon, Thrace, Egypt, and Punjab in the 6th century B.C.E

Cyrus 

7th century B.C.E Persian priest whose writings focused on the nature of the god Ahura Mazada

zoroaster

identify the year(s) and ear of the following event; the Peloponnesian wars

431-404 B.C.E

greek philosopher and student of plato whose 4th century B.C.E contributions to the sciences held sway for over a millennium 

Aristotle 

approach to knowledge centered on the human experience and the application of observation and reason rather than focusing on the role of the gods in human affairs 

humanism 

greek historian whose writings on the Peloponnesian war focused on human motivations and decisions in order to test his hypothesis that Athens lust for power best explained the causes and course of the conflict 

Thucydides 

proportional relationship appealing to human visual perception employed in classical era architecture and art

golden ratio

last pharaoh of ptolemaic Egypt who allied herself with Marc Anthony and committed suicide in 30 B.C.E

Cleopatra 

Macedonian general who conquered Asia Minor, syria, Egypt, and the Persian empire in the 4th century B.C.E

Alexander the Great

Founded school at Athens in 300 B.C.E. where he encouraged students known as Stoics to submit to cosmically-ordered fate in opposition to Epicurean teachings.

Zeno

identify the years and era of the following event, the death of Alexander the Great

323 B.C.E

Identify the correct order from earliest to latest in time:
Homeric-Hellenistic-Mycenaean-Classical

Mycenaean- Homeric- Classical- Hellenistic

identify the city marked x

Alexandra city

Also known as Octavian, the first Roman emperor as proclaimed by the Senate after defeating Marc Antony at Actium in 30 B.C.E.

augustus 

1st cen. B.C.E. Roman orator and statesman known for his writings on rhetoric, virtue, and corruption during the Late Republic.

cicero

Antonine emperor at the height of the empire's territorial breadth who oversaw the expansion of public facilities in Rome prior to his death in 117 C.E.

Trajan

Christian saint whose 4th cen. C.E. Latin translation of the Bible is still authorized and used by the roman catholic church?

Jerome

4th cen, Christian philosopher renowned as a church father for his attempts to reconcile Christian theology and classical learning

augustine

Roman patriarch who dissuaded Attila the Hun from sacking Rome in 452 C.E. and established the Petrine theory of papal leadership.

Leo

Roman emperor who converted to Christianity after the Battle of Milvian Bridge and convened the council of Nicea in 325 C.E.

constantine

Originally called Saul, 1st cen. C.E. Roman citizen whose writings and travels helped define and spread early Christianity

Paul 

Latinized name of the founder of Christianity born in approximately 4 B.C.E

Jesus

Identify the year(s) and era of the following event: Fall of the western Roman Empire

476 C.E

identify the city marked with the letter x:

Byzantium/ constantinople

Identify the year(s) and era of the following event: Crucifixion of Jesus

30 AD

Identify the sea marked with the letter x:

black 

Russian ruler at Kiev from 980-1015 who converted to Christianity in alliance with Byzantine emperor Basil II.

vladimi

9th cen. Byzantine missionary to the Slavs who developed a new alphabet along with his brother Methodius

Cyril

    Identify the year(s) of the following event: Great Schism. 

1054

   Roman emperor who assembled a law code and built the Hagia Sofia at Constantinople in the 6th cen. C.E.

justinian

   Historical destination for the continuation of the Roman empire as a political entity centered at Constantinople from 476 to 1453.

   Byzantine Empire

     6th cen. prophet from the Quraysh tribe who founded Islam based upon a series of divine revelations.

Muhammad

7th cen. Umayyad ruler who made Arabic the official language of the caliphate and built the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem.

 Abd al-Malik

Identify the year(s) of the following event: Battle of Tours.

732

Match the number of the city or letter of the river with its name in the opposite column. 1

Mecca             

Saxon duke recognized as the Holy Roman Emperor who ruled the expanded East Frankish kingdom from 936-973.

Otto the great

Emperor who expanded Frankish dominion from the Pyrenees to the Danube during his reign from 768-814.  

charlemagne

Merovingian king of the Franks who converted to Christianity in alliance with the pope at Rome in 500 C.E.

clovis

French military and political leader who defeated Umayyad forces at the Battle of Tours.  

Charles martel

Roman pope at the turn of the 7th century famous for his missionary focus, successful relations with surrounding Germanic tribes, and preservation of church hierarchy in western Europe.

Gregory the great

Match the number of the city or letter of the river with its name in the opposite column. L and 8

               Dnieper River             

               Paris             

Known as "the Fair," the Capetian monarch who convened the first Estates General and precipitated the Avignon Papacy during his reign from 1285-1314.

Philip IV

13th cen. Dominican priest and theologian associated with Scholasticism who authored the Summa Theologica.

Thomas aquinas

Norman king who ruled England from 1066-87 after his victory at the Battle of Hastings.

William the conqueror

    Identify the year(s) of the following event: Magna Carta.

1215

Pope who exerted great political power via excommunication, interdiction, and inquisition during his papacy from 1198-1216.

innocent III

Ayyubid general who conquered Jerusalem from the Crusaders in 1187.

Saladin

Identify the year(s) of the following event: The Crusades.

1095-1291

English monarch from 1272 to 1307 who conquered Wales and convened the first Model Parliament.

Edward I

Female French military leader at the Battle of Orleans during the Hundred Years War burned at the stake as a heretic and later beatified. 

Joan of arc

Identify the year(s) of the following event:Hundred Years War.

1337-1453

Identify the year(s) of the following event:Bubonic Plague.

1347-50

Match the number of the city or letter of the river with its name in the opposite column. 3 & 4

               Moscow          

               Budapest             

Renaissance polymath and painter of the Mona Lisa and the Last Supper.

Leonardo da Vinci

Printer from Mainz, Germany, who developed a movable type printing press in the 1440s.

Gutenberg

Florentine Renaissance artist best known for his sculpture of David and the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.

 Michelangelo

Match the number of the city or letter of the river with its name in the opposite column. 6

    Florence             

Spanish monarchs of Aragon and Castille who funded Columbus' first expedition and completed the Reconquista in 1492. 

Isabel and Ferdinand

Ruler of the Ottoman empire at its height from 1520-66 who expanded its possessions to Budapest and the Persian Gulf.

Suleiman

13th century German king who founded the Habsburg dynasty.

Rudolf

15th century English civil war between the houses of Lancaster and York concluded by the establishment of the Tudor dynasty under Henry VII.

war of roses

Identify the year(s) of the following event: Battle of Kosovo.

1389

Match the number of the city or letter of the river with its name in the opposite column. J

 Danube             

"Virgin Queen" and last Tudor monarch of England who granted 1584 charter to Sir Walter Raleigh to discover and take possession of "remote, heathen and barbarous lands" in her name.

Elizabeth I

Portuguese explorer whose crew completed the circumnavigation of the globe in 1522 a year after his death. 

Magellan

Spanish colonial official who led the conquest of the Aztec empire in 1519-21.

Cortes

Transfer of flora, fauna, and disease between the Americas and Eurasia after centuries of relative isolation. 

Columbian Exchange

Match the number of the city or letter of the river with its name in the opposite column.9 & 7

 Lisbon             

 London        

Name for the arduous overseas journey of enslaved persons from Africa to the Americas under inhumane, life-threatening conditions. 

middle passage

5th. cen. Dutch humanist whose writings are closely associated with both the Northern Renaissance and the Reformation.

Erasmus

German priest and theologian whose Ninety-Five Theses marked the beginning of the Protestant Reformation in 1517.

Martin Luther

Swiss theologian whose positions on the office of the pope and predestination would inform what became Presbyterianism. 

John Calvin

Broad name for the series of events in the 16th century resulting in the establishment of various Protestant sects in opposition to the Roman Catholic Church.

reformation

Match the number of the city or letter of the river with its name in the opposite column. 5

   Amsterdam             

Period from 1480 to 1640 characterized by population growth in Europe, especially Northern Europe, urbanization, inflation, and climactic change.

long 16th

Habsburg monarch of Spain from 1556 to 1598 who oversaw a declining economy, the onset of the Eighty Years War in the Netherlands, and a failed invasion of England.

Philip II

Period of high inflation beginning in the 16^th century fueled by overextraction of silver and accumulation of royal debts.

Price Revolution

Name for a series of early 17th century conflicts in German kingdoms and municipalities between Protestant, Catholic, and foreign armies.

thirty years war

Series of religious-fueled conflicts between Protestant Huguenots and the French monarchy resolved by the accession of Henry IV to the throne in 1589.

wars of religion

Discuss the impacts of transcontinental trade on Western civilization from the Roman era through the Age of Discovery.

Transcontinental trade has been a major force shaping Western civilization from the Roman era through the Age of Discovery. Roman trade networks connected Europe with Africa and Asia, bringing luxury goods, ideas, and cultural influences that strengthened the empire. After Rome’s fall, long-distance trade declined but survived through Byzantine, Islamic, and Viking networks. From the 11th century on, revived Mediterranean trade—led by Italian city-states—generated wealth, advanced banking, and helped spark the Renaissance. Rising European demand for Asian goods and exposure to new knowledge drove technological innovation and motivated exploration. During the Age of Discovery, new sea routes and the Columbian Exchange shifted Europe to the center of global commerce, bringing wealth, new crops, and population growth while fueling imperial expansion. Overall, transcontinental trade transformed economies, spread knowledge, and laid the foundation for Europe’s global dominance.