States of Consciousness

What is the psychological definition of consciousness?

Our awareness of ourselves and our environment.

Unlike parallel processing, conscious processing takes place in a ___

Series (or sequential)

Psychologists refer to the brain’s two-track system of simulatneous conscious and unconscious processing as __

Dual processing

The recurring, 24-hour biological cycle that regulates body temperature and wakefulness is known as the ___

Circadian Rhythm

What stage of sleep is a recurring stage characterized by vivid dreams and paradoxical physiological activity?

REM sleep

What are the slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state called?

Alpha Waves

Stage 1 is characterized by the transition from alpha waves to __ waves

Theta waves

What term describes the fantastic images, resembling hallucinations, that can be experienced during the transition to sleep?

Hypnagogic Sensations

The periodic, large, high-voltage brain waves that occur during stage 2 sleep in response to stimuli like sounds are called __

K-complexes

Bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain-wave activity that occur during stage 2 are known as__

Sleep spindles

During which stage of sleep does the pituitary gland release growth hormones?

Stage 3 (NREM deep sleep)

REM sleep is also called ___ sleep because the muscles are relaxed but other body systems are activie.

Paradoxical 

The temporary paralysis of the body’s muscles during REM sleep is known as __

REM atonia

What is the primary purpose of REM atonia, the paralysis of muscles during REM sleep

It keeps your paralyzed so you won’t act out your dreams or accidentally jumping out the window.

The entire sleep cycle repeats itself approximately every __ minutes

90

How does the duration of Stage 3 sleep change as the night progresses?

Stage 3 sleep decreases during the night

How does the duration of REM sleep periods change as the night progresses?

REM sleep increases over time

What are some of the documented effects of sleep deprivation?

Fatigue, impaired concentration, a depressed immune system, and greater vulnerability to accidents.

What sleep disorder is characterized by persistent problems in falling or staying asleep?

Insomnia

Which sleep disorder involves uncontrollable sleep attacks, with the sufferer lapsing directly into REM sleep?

Narcolepsy

A person who repeatedly stops breathing during sleep, leading to momentary awakenings, is likely suffering from___

Sleep Apnea

Which sleep disorder, occuring during stage 3 sleep, is characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified?

Night terrors

Sleepwalking, or somnambulism, typically occurs during which stage of sleep?

Stage 3 (deep NREM sleep)

What is the key difference between night terrors and nightmares?

Night terrors occur in stage 3 (deep sleep), while nightmares occur during REM sleep

The disorder in which a person acts out their dreams because the normal muscle paralysis of REM sleep is absent is known as __

REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)

According to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream is its __

manifest content

In Freudian dream theory, what is the underlying, censored meaning of a dream called?

Latent content

The tendency for REM sleep to increase follwing a period of REM sleep deprivation is called

REM rebound

Which dream theory suggests that dreams help sift, sort, and fix the day’s experiences into our memory?

Information-processing (or consolidation) theory

The ___ theory proposes that dreams erupt from random neural activity spreading upward from the brainstem

Activiation-Synthesis

According to the activation-synthesis theory, a dream is the brain’s attempt to synthesize and make sense of random __

Neural activation

What is hypnosis

A social interaction where a hypnotist suggests that a subject will experience certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors spontaneously.

A suggestion made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized is called a __

Posthypnotic suggestion

Research indicates that hypnosis is not reliable for __ because it can lead to the creation of false memories

Recovering lost memories

What is the term for a split consciousness which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others?

Dissociation

The __theory of hypnois suggests that hypnotic phenomena are an extension of normal social and cognitive processes, where the subjects is simply fulfilling a role.

Social influence

Which theory proposes that hypnois involves a dissociation, or a split, between different levels of consciousness?

Divided- consciousness theory

Ernest Hilgard’s term for a split-off level of consciousness that simultaneously processes information unavailable to the primary consciousness is the __

Hidden observer

What is a psychoactive drug?

A chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods

The diminishing effects with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger doses to experience the effect is known as__

Tolerance

What term describes the discomfort and distress that follow the discontinuation of an adictive drug?

Withdrawal

A physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawl symptoms when the drug is discontinued, is called__

Physical dependence

What is the term for a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions?

Psychological dependence

Psychoative drugs are broadly categorized into which three groups?

Depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens

What is the primary effect of depressant drugs on the body

It slows down neural activity and bodily functions

Which category of psychoactive drugs includes alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates?

Depressants

What is the primary effect of stimulant drugs on the body?

It excites neural activity and speeds up body function

Caffine, nicotine, cocaine, and amphetamines all belong to which category of psychoactive drugs?

Stimulants

Drugs that distort perceptioins and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input are known as___

Hallucinogens

Tranquilizers, also known as __, are drugs that depress central nervous system activity, reducing anxiety bubt imparing memory and judgement

Barbituates

Opium and it derivatives, such as morphine and heroin, are classified as ___; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety.

opiates

How does cocaine produce its euphoric rush?

It blocks the reuptake of neurtransmitters like dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotinin.

What is the most common street name for the synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen MDMA?

Ecstasy

LSD is a powerful ___ drug

Hallucinogenic

What is the major active ingredient in marijuana?

THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol)

An altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death, often similar to drug-induced hallucinations, is called a ___

near-death experience

The philosphical persumption that the mind and body are two distinct entities that interact is known as

Dualism

The philosophical presumption that the mind and body are different aspects of the same thing is known as ___

Monism