M4L2: Immunologic

Immune System

Immune System

The body’s defense mechanism against invasion (immunity) and allows a rapid response to foreign substances in a specific manner

Immune System

Qualitative or quantitative change in the components of the ___ ___ can produce profound effects on the integrity of the human organism

Asthma

(Immune System)

The response in your lungs can cause coughing, wheezing, and trouble breathing

Cytokine storm

(Immune System)

A situation in which excessive cytokine production causes an immune response that can damage organs, especially the lungs and kidneys, and even lead to death

Immune System

Affected by a variety of factors, such as central nervous system integrity; general physical and emotional status; medications; dietary patterns; and the stress of illness, trauma, or surgery

Immune Tolerance

The mechanism by which the immune system is programmed to eliminate foreign substances such as microbes, toxins, and cellular mutations but maintains the ability to accept self antigen

Immunopathology

The study of diseases that result from dysfunctions within the immune system

Immunopathology

Disorders of the immune system may stem from excesses or deficiencies of immunocompetent cells, alterations in the function of these cells, immunologic attack on self-antigens, or inappropriate or exaggerated responses to specific antigen

Bone Marrow

(Organs of the Immune System)

Produces a type of stem cell that is able to produce all types of blood cells (WBCs, RBCs, and platelets), which then differentiate (acquire individual characteristics) into the cells of the hematologic and immune systems

B lymphocytes

(Organs of the Immune System: Bone Marrow)

___ ___ are produced and mature in the bone marrow and play a significant role in the humoral immune response

Thymus gland

(Organs of the Immune System)

Located behind the sternum (breastbone), is where T lymphocytes mature and are released into the bloodstream

T lymphocytes

(Organs of the Immune System: Thymus Gland)

Located behind the sternum (breastbone), is where ___ ___ mature and are released into the bloodstream

Lymph nodes and vessels

(Organs of the Immune System)

Circulate fluid called lymph which contains nutrients such as proteins, glucose, monocytes, and lymphocytes

lymph

(Organs of the Immune System: Lymph nodes and vessels)

Circulate fluid called ___ which contains nutrients such as proteins, glucose, monocytes, and lymphocytes

Lymph nodes and vessels

(Organs of the Immune System)

Where most lymphocytes are initially exposed to foreign antigens such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses.

lymphocytes

(Organs of the Immune System: Lymph nodes and vessels)

Where most ___ are initially exposed to foreign antigens such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses.

Lymph vessels

(Organs of the Immune System: Lymph nodes and vessels)

___ ___ are located near the blood vessels and capillaries.

lymph system

(Organs of the Immune System: Lymph nodes and vessels)

The ___ ___ removes what is left over after the plasma has delivered nutrients to the cells.

lymph fluid

(Organs of the Immune System: Lymph nodes and vessels)

The ___ ___ drains into large veins, blending with the plasma circulating in the bloodstream.

Tonsils and Adenoids

(Organs of the Immune System)

Are lymph tissues that guard the airway from inhaled microbes

Spleen

(Organs of the Immune System)

Filters blood, which allows lymphocytes to come into contact with any circulating organism, thus activating the appropriate lymphocyte response.

Spleen

(Organs of the Immune System)

Filters out damaged or old RBCs, recycling the hemoglobin in the production of bilirubin.

bilirubin

(Organs of the Immune System: Spleen)

Filters out damaged or old RBCs, recycling the hemoglobin in the production of ___.

Peyer patches

(Organs of the Immune System)

Lymphoid tissue typically found in the ileum portion of the small bowel.

Peyer’s patches

(Organs of the Immune System)

These patches help defend against ingested pathogens.

Immune System

Composed of an integrated collection of various cell types, each with a designated function in defending against infection and invasion by other organisms.

Immune System

Supporting this system are molecules that are responsible for the interactions, modulations, and regulation of the system

pathogens

(Characteristics of the Immune System)

To guard the body against ___ and to eliminate them if they manage to pass through external barriers.

phagocytosis

(Characteristics of the Immune System)

The neutrophils and macrophages of the hematologic system assist the immune system by ___ when an antigen is encountered.

Chemical mediators, plasma cells, and B and T lymphocytes

(Characteristics of the Immune System)

___ ___, ___ ___, and ___ & ___ ___ play active roles in the immune response

humoral and cellular

(Characteristics of the Immune System)

Both ___ and ___ immunity is carried out by the lymphocytic cells, a specialized type of WBC that originates in the bone marrow.

lymphocytic cells

(Characteristics of the Immune System)

Both humoral and cellular immunity is carried out by the ___ ___, a specialized type of WBC that originates in the bone marrow.

T lymphocytes

(Characteristics of the Immune System)

___ ___, which provide cell-mediated immunity, pass through the thymus and migrate to the lymph tissues throughout the body.

B lymphocytes

(Characteristics of the Immune System)

___ ___ migrate to lymphoid tissue, where they wait in readiness to form either sensitized lymphocytes or antibodies (immunoglobulins that identify and neutralize foreign objects).

lymph system

(Characteristics of the Immune System)

The ___ ___, in addition to facilitating the work of lymphocytes, also drains tissue fluid and puts it back into circulation.

Natural (innate) immunity

(Characteristics of the Immune System)

___ (___) ___ is nonspecific immunity that is in humans when they are born and makes them not susceptible to diseases of other species.

actively or passively

(Characteristics of the Immune System)

Immunity can be acquired ___ or ___.

Antigen

(Major Components of the Immune System)

Foreign substance or component of cell that stimulates immune response

Antibody

(Major Components of the Immune System)

Specific protein produced in humoral response to bind with antigen

Autoantibody

(Major Components of the Immune System)

Antibodies against “self” antigen; attacks body’s own tissues

Bone Marrow

(Major Components of the Immune System)

Source of stem cells, leukocytes, and maturation of B lymphocytes

Thymus

(Major Components of the Immune System)

Gland located in the mediastinum, large in children, decreasing size in adults; site of maturation and proliferation of lymphocytes

Lymphatic tissue

(Major Components of the Immune System)

Contains many lymphocytes; filters body fluids, removes foreign matter, immune response

Neutrophils

(Major Components of the Immune System: Cells)

White blood cells; for phagocytosis; nonspecific defense; active in inflammatory process

Basophils

(Major Components of the Immune System: Cells)

White blood cells; bind immunoglobulin E; release histamine in anaphylaxis

Eosinophils

(Major Components of the Immune System: Cells)

White blood cells; participate in allergic responses

Monocytes

(Major Components of the Immune System: Cells)

White blood cells; migrate from the blood into tissues to become macrophages

Macrophages

(Major Components of the Immune System: Cells)

Phagocytosis; process and present antigens to lymphocytes for the immune response

Mast cells

(Major Components of the Immune System: Cells)

Release chemical mediators such as histamine in connective tissue

B lymphocytes

(Major Components of the Immune System: Cells)

Humoral immunity-activating cell becomes an antibody-producing plasma cell or a B memory cell

Plasma cells

(Major Components of the Immune System: Cells)

Develop from B lymphocytes and secrete specific antibodies

T lymphocytes

(Major Components of the Immune System: Cells)

White blood cells; cell-mediated immunity

Cytotoxic or killer T cells

(Major Components of the Immune System: Cells)

Destroy antigens, cancer cells, virus-infected cells

Memory T cell

(Major Components of the Immune System: Cells)

Remember antigens and quickly stimulate immune response on re-exposure

immune response

(Major Components of the Immune System: Cells - Helper T Cell)

Activate B and T cells; control or limit specific ___ ___

Natural killer (NK) lymphocytes

(Major Components of the Immune System: Cells)

Destroy foreign cells, virus-infected cells

Complement

(Major Components of the Immune System: Chemical Mediators)

Group of inactive proteins in the circulation that when activated stimulate the release of other chemical mediators; promoting inflammation, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis

Histamine

(Major Components of the Immune System: Chemical Mediators)

Released from mast cells and basophils, particularly in allergic reactions; causes vasodilation and increased vascular permeability or edema, also contraction of bronchiolar smooth muscle, and pruritus

Kinins (e.g. bradykinin)

(Major Components of the Immune System: Chemical Mediators)

Cause vasodilation, increased permeability (edema) and pain

Prostaglandins

(Major Components of the Immune System: Chemical Mediators)

Group of lipids with varying effects; some cause inflammation, vasodilation, increased permeability, and pain

Leukotrienes

(Major Components of the Immune System: Chemical Mediators)

Group of lipids, derived from mast cells and basophils, that cause contraction of bronchiolar smooth muscle and have a role in development of inflammation

Cytokines (messengers)

(Major Components of the Immune System: Chemical Mediators)

Includes lymphokines, monokines, interferons, and interleukins; produced by macrophages and activated lymphocytes; stimulate activation and proliferation of B and T cells (communication between cells) Involved in inflammation, fever, and leukocytosis

Chemotactic factors

(Major Components of the Immune System: Chemical Mediators)

Attract phagocytes to area of inflammation

Natural (Innate) Immunity

(Types of Immunity)

Unique innate, or inborn, features of human cells make a person naturally immune to certain diseases.

Natural (Innate) Immunity

(Types of Immunity)

Provides a broad spectrum of defense against and resistance to infection.

Natural (Innate) Immunity

(Types of Immunity)

Considered the first line of host defense following antigen exposure, because it protects the host without remembering prior contact with an infectious agent

Natural (Innate) Immunity

(Types of Immunity)

Co-coordinates the initial response to pathogens through the production of cytokines and other effector molecules, which either activate cells for control of the pathogen (by elimination) or promote the development of the acquired immune response

cytokines

(Types of Immunity: Natural (Innate) Immunity)

Co-coordinates the initial response to pathogens through the production of ___ and other effector molecules, which either activate cells for control of the pathogen (by elimination) or promote the development of the acquired immune response

acquired immune response

(Types of Immunity: Natural (Innate) Immunity)

Co-coordinates the initial response to pathogens through the production of cytokine and other effector molecules, which either activate cells for control of the pathogen (by elimination) or promote the development of the ___ ___ ___

monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer (NK) cells, basophils, eosinophils, and granulocytes.

(Types of Immunity: Natural (Innate) Immunity)

Cells involved in this response are ___, ___, ___ ___, ___ ___ (___) ___, ___, ___, and ___

innate humoral immunity

(Types of Immunity: Natural (Innate) Immunity)

Also comes in a protein chemical form, called ___ ___ ___. E.g complement system and substances called interferon and interleukin-1 (which causes fever)

Dendritic cells (DCs)

(Types of Immunity: Natural (Innate) Immunity)

___ ___ (___) are antigen-presenting cells that link innate and adaptive immunity and are critical for the induction of protective immune responses against pathogens

Interferon

(Types of Immunity: Natural (Innate) Immunity)

___ is a viricidal protein that is naturally produced by the body and is capable of activating other components of the immune system

- Immediate
- Delayed

(Types of Immunity: Natural (Innate) Immunity)

(2) Natural immune mechanisms can be divided into two stages

Immediate

(Types of Immunity: Natural (Innate) Immunity - Natural immune mechanisms)

Generally occurring within minutes e.g physical and chemical barriers

Delayed

(Types of Immunity: Natural (Innate) Immunity - Natural immune mechanisms)

Occurring within several days after exposure e.g. 12–24 hours at a minimum for signs of inflammation to occur locally when in contact with antigen

Acquired (Adaptive) Immunity

(Types of Immunity)

A.k.a. specific. This immunity develops after birth

Acquired (Adaptive) Immunity

(Types of Immunity)

Occurs through active production of antibodies when the body is invaded by pathogens or through an immunization that causes antibodies to a specific pathogen to form

Acquired (Adaptive) Immunity

(Types of Immunity)

Weeks or months after exposure to the disease or vaccine, the body produces an immune response that is sufficient to defend against the disease on re-exposure.

Acquired (Adaptive) Immunity

(Types of Immunity)

This form of immunity relies on the recognition of specific foreign antigens.

Active Acquired Immunity

(Types of Immunity: Acquired (Adaptive) Immunity)

Refers to immunologic defenses developed by the person’s own body

Active Acquired Immunity

(Types of Immunity: Acquired (Adaptive) Immunity)

Typically lasts many years or even a lifetime

Passive Acquired Immunity

(Types of Immunity: Acquired (Adaptive) Immunity)

Temporary immunity transmitted from a source outside the body that has developed immunity through previous disease or immunization.

Passive Acquired Immunity

(Types of Immunity: Acquired (Adaptive) Immunity)

Examples include immunity resulting from the transfer of antibodies from the mother to an infant in utero or through breastfeeding or receiving injections of immune globulin.

- Cell-mediated response
- Effector mechanisms

(Types of Immunity: Acquired (Adaptive) Immunity)

(2) Mechanisms

Cell-mediated response

(Types of Immunity: Acquired (Adaptive) Immunity - Mechanisms)

Involving T-cell activation

Effector mechanisms

(Types of Immunity: Acquired (Adaptive) Immunity - Mechanisms)

Involving B-cell maturation and production of antibodies

Physical barriers

(Natural Mechanisms in the Body)

Intact skin, mucous membranes, and cilia of the respiratory tract (with coughing and sneezing), which prevent pathogens from gaining access to the body.

Chemical barriers

(Natural Mechanisms in the Body)

Mucus, acidic gastric secretions, enzymes in tears and saliva, and substances in sebaceous and sweat secretions destroy invading bacteria and fungi.

Chemical barriers

(Natural Mechanisms in the Body)

Viruses are countered by other means, such as interferon

Cellular Response (White Blood Cell Action)

(Natural Mechanisms in the Body)

Key to the effective initiation of the immune response. WBCs, or leukocytes, participate in both the natural and the acquired immune responses.

Granular leukocytes or granulocytes

(Natural Mechanisms in the Body: Cellular Response (White Blood Cell Action))

___ ___ or ___ fight invasion by releasing cell mediators, such as histamine, bradykinin, and prostaglandins, and by engulfing the foreign bodies or toxins.

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.

(Natural Mechanisms in the Body: Cellular Response (White Blood Cell Action))

Granulocytes include ___, ___, and ___

Inflammatory Response

(Natural Mechanisms in the Body)

Major function of the natural immune system that is elicited in response to tissue injury or invading organisms

Inflammatory Response

(Natural Mechanisms in the Body)

Chemical mediators assist this response by minimizing blood loss, walling off the invading organism, activating phagocytes, and promoting the formation of fibrous scar tissue and regeneration of injured tissue.

- Phagocytic Immune Response
- Humoral or antibody immune response
- Cellular Immune Response

(General Immune Response)

(3) When the body is invaded or attacked by bacteria, viruses, or other pathogens, it has three means of defense:

Phagocytic Immune Response

(General Immune Response)

First line of defense which primarily involves the WBCs (granulocytes and macrophages), which have the ability to ingest foreign particles and destroy the invading agent

Phagocytes

(General Immune Response: Phagocytic Immune Response)

___ also remove the body’s own dying or dead cells. Cells in necrotic tissue that are dying release substances that trigger an inflammatory response.

Humoral or antibody immune response

(General Immune Response)

A second protective response

B lymphocytes

(General Immune Response: Humoral or antibody immune response)

___ ___, which can transform themselves into plasma cells that manufacture antibodies