APUSH chapter 1+2 vocab

From textbook, class, and google. Take with a grain of salt.

Maize

A cereal plant that yields large grains, farmed in rows like corn

Base of Inca and Aztec farming

Hernán Cortéz

Led army of 600 men + non Aztec natives and marched on Tenochtitlán. Conquered Aztec empire

Columbian exchange

Global movement of plants, animals, + diseases around the world

Epidemics

Widespread and fast occurrence of disease in a community at a specific time.

Small pox

disease from the eastern hemisphere transmitted to communities in western hemisphere who had no immunities

Encomienda system

System that demanding labor and goods from natives by the Spanish.

Crown —> land grants to colonists —> colonists demand tribute in exchange for protection and christian instruction

Corn

Important crop grown by Natives. Provided easy food and fuel for fires.

Casta system

Hierarchal ordering of racial groups based on how much Spanish blood they had. Power flowed from the top

Chattel slavery

Ownership of human beings as property

Neo-Europes

Colonies where Colonists tried to replicate or get very close to the social structures and economies of Europe

Mercantilism

Economic relationship between imperial country and its colonies to benefit the imperial country by creating favorable balance of trade

Atlantic slave trade

enslaving and trading of people from Africa, then shipping them primarily to the new world.

Potatoes

A super food, nutrient dense and good carbs.

Fed a ton of people in Europe and America

Semi Sedentary societies

Central fields and villages that were occupied seasonally

Mississippian culture

Native American culture in the Mississippi River Basin and the Southeast.

Characterized by mound-building, maize agriculture, distinctive pottery styles.

Complex chiefdoms

Eastern woodlands

Culture area of Native Americans

Atlantic ocean west to Great Plains and Great Lakes to Gulf of Mexico

Semisedentary, agriculture based on maize, beans, and squash

Mostly chiefdoms

Algonquian

Native American language family widespread in the eastern woodlands, great lakes, + subarctic regions.

NOT THE ALGONQUINS

Iroquois confederacy

Powerful group of Natives in the East of the U.S. made up of five nations: Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondoga, + Oneida

Great lakes

Five big interconnected freshwater lakes

Ontario, Erie, Huron, Michigan, Superior

In era b4 long distance land travel, they were center of continents transportation system

Great plains

broad plateau region from central Texas to Canada

Primarily grasslands that support grazing but not agriculture

Rocky mountains

Mountain range spanning 3k miles

Natives fishes, gathered roots and berries, and hunted elk, deer and bighorn sheep.

Silver mining boomed in the Rockies in the 19th century.

Great basin

Arid region.

All its water drains or evaporates in the basin.

Resource scarce

Thinly populated by hunter/gather societies

Comanche

Native American tribe of equestrian nomads in the Great Plains

Sioux

Broad alliance or Native Americans who spoke three related languages /w in the Siouan language family.

Anasazi

“Ancient Outsiders” that originated in the four corners regions.

Sedentary people

Ancestors or the Pueblo Indian

Pueblos

Tribe located in the Southwest who lived in adobe housing and were canal builders.

Animist

Spiritual beliefs centering around the natural world.

Cahokia

1100 AD

Mississippian settlement home to as many as 25k Natives.

Better compared to European towns than other Native settlements.

Green corn ceremony

Ceremony held when the corn ripened in late July.

A time ir community building, rekindling friendships, restoring balance, giving praise and thanks to god.

Matriarchy

Political arrangement where a community is ruled by women

Christianity

Religion holding the belief that Jesus Christ was divine.

For centuries the Roman Catholic Church was the unifying institution in Western Europe

Christianity Europe —> Americas

Crusades

Series of military expeditions in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries by Western European Christians to regain control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims

Protestant Reformation

Reform movement beginning /w Martin Luthers critique of the Roman Catholic Church in 1517

Began a divide between Protestants and Catholics

Plantation system

Form of estate agriculture using slave labor pioneered by Italian merchants and crusading knights in 12Th century

Primogeniture

Legal principle the oldest son inherits all family property or land

Caravel

Small vessel /w a high deck and three triangle sails

Allowed European sailors to explore easier and more reliably.

Joint-stock companies

Short term partnership between multiple investors to fund a commercial enterprise.

Safe way to invest money

If went bad only the money u invested could be taken. They would not come for ur property or belongings

Tenochtitlan

Capital of the Aztec empire

Conquered by Cortes in 1521

Population was 150,000 before Spanish Conquest

Aztecs

Native American empire in present day Mexico.

Maintained control by trade and tribute.

Had advanced mathematics and writing

Human sacrifices for religious ceremonies

Pizzaro

Francis Pizzaro conquered the Incas

Killed Atahualpa —> claimed his empire

Incas

Advanced South American civilization that occupied present day Peru.

Developed sophisticated agricultural techniques (terrace farming)

Bartolome De Las Casas

A colonist/slave owner turned preacher who argued that the Spanish King should protect Native populations.

His writings persuaded King Charles V to make the “New Laws of the Indies for the Good Treatment and Preservation of the Indians”

New France

Region controlled by France by the Great Lakes to at furthest Mississippi.

Excelled in fur trade

Quebec

Founded in 1608 by Samuel de Champlain

A fur trading post

Fur trade

Trade with Natives that gave the french access to mink, otter, and beaver furs.

French provided manufactured goods

Luxury pelts were desirable

Beaver dominated the trade because it had soft “underfur” ghat matted into a dense mass. Used by European hat makers to make felt super strong and pliable that even broad brimmed hats held their shape.

—> beavers almost went extinct

Hurons

Iroquoius speaking, traded beaver furs to the french for manufactured goods like kettles and guns.

First focus of french catholic missionary activity.

Initially welcomed the french “Black Robes” but grew skeptical when their religion did not stop disease and drought.

Missionaries

spread gospel of the catholic church throughout south/central America + Mexico.

Drove a lot of European emigration to the US

Indentured servants

A very poor person obligated to a fixed term of unpaid labor. Drove majority of workforce for the Americas

Mississippi

Settled by the french

French founded New Orleans at the mouth of the Mississippi river

Louisiana

Robert de La Salle traveled down to the Gulf of mexico and named the area Louisiana after Louis XIV

New netherland

Colony founded by the West India Company

Banking

Dominated by the Dutch

New Amsterdam

Capital of New Netherlands on Manhattan Island.

Algonquian

A language family

Attacked New Netherland in retaliation and almost wiped them out, but the Dutch attacked back much harder

West India Company

Founded by the Dutch government to create the colony of New Netherland. Oversaw New Netherland until it abandoned it

Iroquois/Haudenosaunee

Capitalized on their strategic location in central New York to trade /w both Dutch and French. Got guns and goods from the Dutch

Terrorized their neighbors.

Waged war against the Hurons, Neutrals, Eries, and Suquehannocks.

Beaver wars.

Beaver Wars

conquest of the Iroquois against other Native settlements.

Wiped out the Hurons.

Dominated Native groups from New England to the Carolinas and to Quebec.

Dramatically altered the map of northeastern North America.

Jamestown

A swampy peninsula named Jamestown to honor the king.

Many people died because they lacked fresh water and refused to plant crops.

Virginia company

Was granted all the land from north carolina to southern new York in 1606.

Named the region Virginia after the “Virgin Queen”

A joint stock company

Virginia

land from north carolina to southern new York in 1606.

Named the region Virginia after the “Virgin Queen”

first successful colony of the Brits

House of Burgesses

Government in colonial Virginia made up of an assembly of representatives elected by the colony’s inhabitants.

Indian War of 1622

War sparked by influx of migrants to Virginia.

Opechancanough (Powhatan’s successor) waged war on the Englishmen and killed almost a third of their population. English called them savages and declared war.

Took control of indian lands and made them slaves

—> virginia became a royal colony

Royal Colony

In the english system, a colony chartered by the crown. Colony’s governor was appointed by the crown and served according to the instructions of the board of trade.

Maryland

A colony that became a refuge to catholics who fled England because King Charles 1 gave land to Lord Baltimore (a catholic)

Lord Baltimore

Cecilius Calvert, Lord Baltimore. A Catholic aristocrat who made Maryland a sanctuary for Catholics. Promoted growth in Maryland by importing artisans and giving land to wealthy migrants.

Persuaded assembly to grant the Tolerance Act

Maryland Act of Toleration

1649, Granted all christians the right to follow their beliefs and hold church services.

Land owned in its entirety, without feudal dues or landlord obligations. Freeholders had legal right to improve, transfer, or sell their lands.

Headright system

System of land distribution (50 acres) to anyone who paid the passage of a new arrival.

Large plants amassed huge landholdings as they imported large numbers of servants and slaves

Gentry

High social class, in england represents those just below nobility.

Tobacco

A plant native to the Americas.

Medicine and stimulant

Cash crop for Virginia colonists