Media Effects Exam 2

obtrusive issue

those that the public can experience directly (pandemic, unemployment)

- agenda setting DOES NOT occur

Unobtrusive Issue

those we have little or no personal experience with (encountered in news, not everyday life)

- agenda setting DOES occur

Agenda Setting Methods

content analysis and survey

Agenda Setting Limitations

1. There is a logical association between variables

2. There is a constant time order (v1 always comes before v2)

3. All other variables are ruled out as potential causes (Ex: can a third variable cause both v1 and v2?)

need for cognition

whether someone likes to think things through or prefers simple answers

High need for cognition

actively seek out information and analyze news

Low need for cognition

passive news consumers and rely on shortcuts to get information

framing

how the media presents a story to shape how people understand it

hostile media perception

People see the same story differently, media is biased against their own views

Media Hybridity

genres that were once uniformly enforced are now murky and contested

- mixing old and new media forms like newspaper and social media

elaboration likelihood model- 2 main routes in which people can be persuaded

central and peripheral

Central route

- people think carefully about the message

- care about the topic

-lasting attitude change

Ex: researching all the facts before buying a car

Peripheral Route

- people dont think deeply and focus on attractiveness, emotion or amuont of arguments

- temorary attitude change

Ex: you buy a car because the ad had a cool celebrity

Third person effect

people believe media effects others more than it effects themselves

Ex: someone might think violent video games wont affect them but makes other kids violent

Reactance theory

when people feel that their freedom is being threatened, they do the opposite of what there told.

Ex: "dont vape", but kids do

Ad targeting

advertisers use data about people to show them specific ads that match their preferences

Ex: if u search for running shoes, youll start getting ads about nike or adidas

Demographic information

Who you are

Information used to identify an individual, such as name, address, gender, age, and other information linked to a specific person

Psychographic information

what you think, feel or do

data about what members of a public think, believe, feel, and value

Media Literacy

the ability to access, analyze, evaluate, and create media in a variety of forms

Media Literacy: access

being able to find and use media and using technology tools effectiveley

Media Literacy: analyze and evaluate

figuring out what you see or read is accurate, trustworthy or biased

Media Literacy: create

posting videos or articles thoughfully and responsibily

Media Literacy: reflect

how you use media and the effects on yourself and others

Media Literacy: act

using media to share knowledge and solve problems

Media Literacy Practices

1. critical ignoring - ignore low quality or misleading info

2. self nudging - set up your media use to form better habits or less distracting

3. lateral reading - check other sources to verify information

4. do not feed the trolls heuristic - dont engage with harassment or misinformation

forewarning message

warning that a persuasive or misleading message is coming

Ex: social media saying "this post may contain false info" before you see the post

Ecological model

how individual, relationships, community and society all affect behavior

Inoculation theory

you protect people from persuasion or misinformation by warning them

1. Forewarning

2. Refutation

Catharsis

Consuming violent media decreases violent behavior

Priming

exposure to something influences how you think or act later

Social learning theory

learn behaviors by observing others

identification

model people you identify or feel similar too

Ex: kid immitates a fav superhero

Abstract modeling

learn a behavior/skill from observing others

Ex: watching someone solve a problem, and you use their strategy

Inhibitory effects

seeing a behavior punsihed makes you less likely to do it

Ex: Tv shows thief getting caught = your less likley to steal

Disinhibitory effects

seeing a behavior rewarded makes you more likely to do it

Ex: Tv shows thief getting away = makes you more tempted

efficacy

actually do something or achieve a result

what you can turn what you see into a real life action

ecological validity

how well a study represents the real world

cultivation theory

long term exposure to media shapes how people see reality

Ex: watching lots of crime = overestimating how common crime is in real life

accumulative effects

the more you see or hear something repeatedly, the stronger effect it has on you

Ex: watching news about heath scare everyday = start to beleive its common

mean world syndrome

heavy TV viewers see the world as more dangerous or violent than it really is.