2nd Industrial Revolution Notes

Second Industrial Revolution

A period of rapid industrial growth and innovation from roughly 1867 to 1903, characterized by technological advancements such as electricity and steel production.

Technological Advancements

Improvements and innovations like electricity, the Bessemer process for steel production, and advancements in communication that fueled growth during the Second Industrial Revolution.

Abundant Natural Resources

Access to coal, iron ore, timber, and petroleum which were crucial for supporting industrial growth in the United States.

Populist Movement

A political movement in the late 19th century advocating for farmers and laborers against economic exploitation and for political reforms.

Omaha Platform

The 1892 political platform of the People's Party, which called for reforms including free silver coinage and direct election of senators.

Free Coinage of Silver

The Populist advocacy for bimetallism and the unlimited coinage of silver to increase the money supply and assist debtors.

Government Ownership of Railroads

The belief that railroads and essential services should be controlled by the government for the public good rather than by private companies.

Graduated Income Tax

A tax system proposed by Populists where higher earners pay a larger percentage of their income in taxes.

Thomas Edison

Prolific inventor known for the electric light bulb, phonograph, and motion picture camera, and for establishing the first industrial research laboratory.

Christopher Latham Sholes

Inventor of the first practical typewriter and the QWERTY keyboard layout, significantly impacting office efficiency.

Alexander Graham Bell

Inventor of the first practical telephone, which transformed personal and business communication.

Eight-Hour Workday

A demand by the Populist Movement aimed at gaining support from urban industrial workers for better working conditions.

Direct Election of Senators

A Populist reform proposal aimed at making senators accountable to the people rather than being chosen by state legislatures.

Secret Ballot

A voting method advocated by Populists to protect voters from intimidation and ensure fair elections.

Restriction on Immigration

A Populist policy aimed at protecting American jobs and wages by limiting immigration.