AP Psych Motivation

Drive reduction theory

physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need (homeostasis)

ex. hunger motivates you to get off couch to get food

incentive theory

positive or negative environmental stimuli pulls us to a certain behavior

optimum arousal theory

some behavior can only be thought the need to increase arousal through curiosity and exploration, suggesting we have a peak level of arousal

ex. inexplicable urge to push a button or flick a switch with seemingly no purpose

cannon and washburn

performed balloon digestion study to conclude that the stomach contracts when hungry

the stomach

we automatically regulated caloric intake to maintain a stable bodyweight

- psychologists argue if we have a set point or a stable weight

settling point

set point that accounts for environmental influences

the blood

hypothalamus monitors blood glucose level, gaining signals from the stomach intestines, and liver all motivate eating

Lateral hypothalamus

hunger center

lateral hypothalamic lesions

anorexia

ventromedial center

satiety center

ventromedial hypothalamic lesions

obesity

motivation

need or desire that energizes or directs behavior

instinct

complex behavior thats rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

homeostasis

tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state

incentives

positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

what does our drive to be stimulated me us hungry for?

information

level one of maslow

physiological needs

level two of maslow

safety needs (health, employment)

level three of maslow

belongingness and love needs

level four of maslow

esteem needs

level five/six

self actualization/transcendence needs (morality, creativity)

glucose

form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides a major source of energy for body tissues. when it's low, we feel hungry

insulin

increases in this hormone diminish blood glucose by converting it to stored fat

how many hunger controls are there in the hypothalamus

2

activity along the sides of the hypothalamus

lateral hypothalamus-- brings on hunger

activity on the lower mid hypothalamus

ventromedial hypothalamus--depresses hunger

what does the hypothalamus monitor

levels of the body's appetite hormones

appetite hormones

Gherklin, Obestatin, PYY, Orexin

Ghrelin

secreted by an empty stomach (sends hunger signals)

Obestatin

sends fullness signals to suppress hunger

PYY

secreted by pancreas-- sends satiety signals and controls blood glucose

what does heredity influence?

set point and body type

food intake and energy output are influenced by....

environment

environmental factors influence what we...

crave (food-wise)

neophobia

dislike of the unfamiliar-- can be cured with exposure to foods, making people more willing to try

food and flavor preferences can be attributed to

genetics

anorexia nervosa

weight loss that makes people significantly underweight (at least 15%)

bulimia nervosa

weight fluctuations within/ above normal ranges-- over eating followed by vomiting, fasting, overexcersizing etc

binge-eating disorder

binge eating without purging

what does our body fat provide for us

stored energy

what disease is women's obesity linked to?

alzheimers

fat cells

energy is stored here which become larger and more numerous as we become heavier (we have 30-40 million)

*** the quantity does not shrink if we become slimmer

what happens when people go on strict diets

their body's metabolism will drop as a defense mechanism (counter-productive)

how much of our body mass is determined by genes?

2/3

what gene increases risk of obesity

FTO

what does sleep deprivation cause

leptin to lower, and ghrelin to increase

leptin

hormone that signals the hypothalamus and brain stem to reduce appetite