problem solving - psych ch 8

what is problem solving referring to?

Refers to active efforts to discover what must be done to achieve a goal that is not readily attainable

What did Jim Greeno find out? (1978)

The three basic classes

What is the first basic class of problem-solving?

Problems of inducing structure

What is problems of inducing structure?

Series of completion and analogy problems

What is the second basic class of problem-solving?

Problems of arrangement

What our problems of arrangement

String problem in anagrams, often solved through insight

What is the third basic class of problem-solving?

Hobbits and orc's problem, and water jar problem

What is an example of the first basic class?

Discover relations among the parts

What is an example of the second basic class of problem-solving.

Arrange parts that satisfy criterion

What is an example of the third basic class of problem solving

Carry out, sequence of transformations

What are the four barriers to effective problem-solving?

Irrelevant information, functional fixedness, mental state, and unnecessary constraints

What happens when there is irrelevant information?

Leads people astray

What happens when there is functional fixed in this barriers?

Perceiving an item as having only one use

What happens when there's a mental state barrier?

Using strategies that have for in the past

What happens when unnecessary constraints are in affect

Parameters that aren't there, but the human thinks it is there EX staying in a box when you can leave the box

What is trial in error approach to problem-solving

Try possible solutions, sequently and discarding those that are an error until one works

What are heuristics?

Mental shortcuts guiding principles

What are some examples of heuristics?

Forming subgoals searching for analogies, changing the representation of a problem and taking a break; incubation

What does holistic cognitive style mean?

Context and relationships among elements

What does analytical cognitive style mean?

Focus on objects in their properties

What does Western culture emphasize on?

Individual and independence

What does eastern cultures emphasize on?

Group and interdependence

what do disparities in cognitive style seem to be rooted in

cultures social orientation 

what is Simons theory of bounded rationality

humans have limited ability to process and evaluate multiple alternatives 

what does Simons they of bounded rationality rely on

heuristics 

What does Simon theory of burn a irrationality make?

Irrational and suboptimal decisions

What is the availability heuristic

Estimated probability based on relevant instances

What is the representativeness heuristic?

Probability based on similarity to prototype

What is and example pf the tendency to ignore base rates

Steve is quiet, neat and tidy which means he'd be a good librarian

What is the conjunction fallacy?

Odds of two things happening greater than alone

What is the sunk cost fallacy?

Continue because already invested time money, etc.

What does cosmos tooby have that is unrealistic?

Unrealistic standard of rationality

How has decision making evolved?

Evolved to handle real world  adaptive problems

What is problem-solving research based on?

Contrived artificial problems

What can be surprisingly effective?

Quick and dirty heuristic

What is recognition heuristic

Sticking with what you know

What is the gigerenzer

Less than perfect but adaptive

What is the duo processing theory?

People rely on two systems of thinking

What is system one?

Fast effortless and automatic

What is system two

Slow elaborate, effortful and controlled

Do these two systems always work together well?

They sometimes conflict

what does system two do to system one

Monitors and corrects it