History Final

Romulus and Remus

Brothers, eventually fought to the death(Romulus killed Remus), raised by wolves, founded Rome

Roman values

• Standing up for your beliefs

• If you want something, take it

• Strength & power

• Glory

• Wolf-like: take action, move as a pack/group(reject individuality), loyalty, trust

Where was rome?

Near the center of the Italian peninsula, midway between Alps & Italy’s southern tip, it was a goof place for trade, and also had protection because of surrounding mountains

What culture did the Romans get from the Latins?

They got their language and settlements

What culture did the Romans get from the Greeks?

They got their religion and they established colonies in Italy and Sicily

What culture did the Romans get from the Etrusions?

Introduced a writing system, influenced architecture, and led to the formation of the republic because of a bad king who led the people to revolt

Republic

People can vote for their leader

Patricians

Upper-class, wealthy landowners, power & social status

Plebians

Lower-class, majority of population, farmers & merchants etc

12 tables

Original set of roman laws

Consults

There were 2 of them, 1 Year long term, 10 year intermission before running again, commanded army & directed govt

Senate

300 members, Patricians(later, plebeians were also allowed)

Centuriate assembly

Citizen-soldiers, members for life, select consuls, make laws, elect praetors

Tribal Assembly

Organized by plebeians, members for life, elected tribunes & made laws for common people

Tribunes

Plebeian representatives, protected plebeian rights from patrician officials, could veto the senate

Praetors

there were 8, 1 year term, 2 of them oversee civil and criminal courts, others govern provinces

Dictator

only 1, chosen in times of crisis, 6 month term, absolute power, chosen by consuls & elected by senate

A republic is good because

there is Checks & balances, you get Input from all citizens/groups of people, decisions need approval, no ideas go unchecked; Except during times of crisis, where the long approval process may be too long for appropriate action, there is a spread of power - no one person has too much

A republic is bad because

there is a long approval process - may take too long to get things done, too many people(muddles ideas, conflicting opinions, in-fighting), a Dictator has so much power, can do so much in 6 months, good ideas can be vetoed by bad people

When Rome conquered Italy how did they act?

They showed leniency towards conquered peoples led to happiness & trust within the empire(considered conquered people complete citizens or allies)

1rst punic war

Conflict between Rome and Carthage over Sicily and the Mediterranean, won by Rome

2nd punic war

General Hannibal of Carthage was angered about their loss, impressive effort with huge army & elephants, did surprise attacks and made many casualties for the Romans, marched forces up and down Italian peninsula, Roman General Scipio ultimately matched Hannibal’s strategic expertise & defeated him

3rd punic war

Rome's victory over Carthage and Greece after soldiers were left homeless because of their time spent away fighting

Expansion

Gave Rome more resources & power, but made the republic more and more difficult to maintain(so many people to keep track of & listen to all the ideas!)

What was the issue and solution between the confict between the poor and the rich about land

Rich landowners increased rent and drove poor people out of their lands, a law was passed that one person could only own 500 acres of land, which helped the poor for a while, until the rich plotted to get their lands back anyways

What were Tiberius’ ideas about the poor

he thinks that they they carried the rich on their backs & had nothing to show for it, had to fight to defend the things they did not have

Why were soldiers not dedicated to Rome, but instead their generals?

Generals recruited soldiers and provided everything for them, so the soldiers were loyal to their generals rather than Rome

How did the issue of the poor become so bad in Rome

Farmers couldn’t compete with big estates and their slave work, they either had to sell to the rich and become homeless or join the military

How did Rome attempt to make their people/ the poor happier?

They gave them free bread and entertainment

What’s a Triumvirate?

a group of three rulers

who was in the first triumvirate?

Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus

How did Pompey and the Senate respond to JC conquering Gaul, and what did he do instead?

they ordered him to disband and return to Rome, Caesar disobeyed and went and fought Pompey’s army, driving him away, he then returned to rome, appointed himself dictator, and the made himself dictator for life

When JC was dictator, what did he do for the people?

He expanded the Senate, adding friends & allies, created jobs for the poor, created colonies so the landless could own land & increased pay for soldiers

How did Julius Caesar die?

The Gov didn’t like how much power he had, senators & nobles plotted to assassinate him & killed him 

Who was octavian/ Augustus

Caesar’s grandnephew + adopted son

Who was in the 2nd triumvirate?

Augustus, Mark Antony, and Lepidus

How did the 2nd triumvirate fall apart

Augustus made Lepidus retire & became enemies/rivals with Antony, had a civil war w/ him, and ended up as the sole ruler

What did Augustus do when he was in charge?

He made great buildings, stabilized government that continued to last for centuries, allowed common people to rule

Pax Romana

Peace of Rome, started by Augustus

How long did Pax Romana last?

200 years

Why was farming important in rome?

90% of people were engaged in farming, Romans depended on local produce, trade unified the Empire: common currency, cultural diffusion, came from all over the empire straight to rome

What is the difference between Greek and Roman values?

Greeks valued individuality, Romans valued strength in number/ability to work effectively as a whole under one command

What was Roman Entertainment?

Gladiator fights, usually slaves fighting

Numina

Spirits in everyone and everything

Lares

Family spirits, looked after families, didn’t want to get on their bad sides, make Romans very conscious of their actions, because they thought that they were always being watched

How did Rome try to solve the issue of class division?

The Gov had to make free public gladiator events & races & games to get them to socialize/have a common interest

What factors caused the fall of the Western empire?

Inflation, an untrustworthy army, loss of patriotism, and it being so big that it was hard to be ruled by 1 person

who tried to “save” rome by reforming it?

Diocletian,was strict, and claimed to be decent from the gods, but he solved problems, like Inflation: set prices for goods, Respect for the government: claimed to have divine descent, Untrustworthy army: doubled size of army, Too large for just one ruler: split west & east to two rulers

where did Constantine move Rome’s Capital?

Byzantium

Who invaded rome in order to escape the Huns?

The Germanic tribes

Jesus

Jew from Nazareth, preached monotheism, the ten commandments, the importance of love, became known as the Messiah after his death, reappeared after death and ascended to heaven

Baptism

cleansed people of sin, sort of an initiation for christianity

Gospels

Written by the Apostles, Stories about Jesus, Written 30-60 years after Jesus died, For believers of Jesus, to teach them what they are supposed to know

Apostles

the primary disciples of Jesus

Why was Jesus/Christianity controversial? controversial

He hung out with the outcasts of rome, healed people on Shabbat / broke Jewish law/s, attacked people selling sacrifices at the Temple, Accepts reputation as Messiah & “king of Jews”

Why did Jesus die?

If the Jews would all follow Jesus and his ideas, Rome would crush Judea so Jewish leaders decide they need to eliminate Jesus and they turn him over to the Romans, who crucify him

Why did Christianity spread?

Pax Romana helped because of it’s common language and widespread travel, they accepted everyone, gave hope to people with nothing(the promise of rewards in the afterlife), appealed to people against Rome, personal relationship with G-d. also the Roman emperor of the time, Constantine, converted to Christianity & stopped persecution & promoted it to the people

Peter

Apostle, basically Jesus’ right hand

Paul

• Originally Jewish & persecuted the Christians, converted to Christianity(saw Jesus on the road after his death preaching his teachings), Wrote the Epistles , said that believing in Jesus makes you a descendent of Abraham. Spread Christianity outside of Israel & Rome - ended up the last ones standing because the rest were killed 

Epistles

Written by paul, letters to early Christian communities/churches

Muezzin

They call people to prayer

622 CE

when Muhammed and his followers migrated to medina

Muslim

Muslims are people who adhere to Islam

Monotheism

one G-d. Only one thing to care about or devote one’s life to. Nothing else matters as much as Allah.

Medina (or Yathrib)

Muhammed was invited there when his life was under threat in Mecca, they asked him to solve disputes between clans, he was a rly good problem solver, city of muhamed, Islams orgin

Sunni

accepted Umayyad’s rule,

Allah

God

630 CE

Muhammad and his followers attack and capture Mecca; the Ka’aba is cleansed from idols and rededicated to Allah

Bedouin

Poets were important, they told stories (of the tribe, like recordkeeping), Clans fought a lot, nomadic Arab tribes who have historically inhabited the desert regions

Ka’aba

Sanctuary, said that it was built by Abraham, the black stone in it was said to fall from the sky, islam’s most import mosque

Qur’an (or Koran)

Muhammad is the final word of Allah. God perfect final message no need to update. Had to be written so it isn't corrupted, No early manuscripts survived, Teaching of ethical and social teachings(its like the Islamic torah)

Umayyads

After the deaths of the caliphs, they took over, they were rich and skillful and had a stable gov., but did not treat their people well and didn't pay off their debts

Hadiths

sayings of Muhammad used to guide behavior

Shi’ite (Shi’a)

rejected the Umayyads, meant party of Ali

Muhammad

• Messenger of god

• Born in arabian peninsula, was kinda a violent place

• Sent to live in desert to connect with culture

• Orphaned by 6, taken under by uncle

• Family first, tribe second

• Uncle taught him survival skills

• Conflict was easily started

• Bloody battles

• Had contact with merchants

• Married khadija

• Very smart and charismatic

• Good at resolving conflict

• Became known as “the trusted one”(al hamin)

• Talked to sages of many religions

632 CE

Muhammad dies after a final pilgrimage to Mecca:

570 CE

when Muhammed was born

Hijrah

 in 622 CE, the journey made by Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina; the year that is considered the beginning of the Muslim calendar

Mecca

A city, there was a sanctuary in the market because it was next to the Kaaba

Abbasids

took power from the Umayyad family by spreading propaganda abt them, and they defeated them through violence, they then invited them to a banquet after defeat and killed them there. They sort of united everyone, known as the golden age of Islam because there was no violence between tribes during their rule, and culture flourished, they killed literally anyone who they saw as a threat, even those ho had helped them gain office

5 pillars

Iman (Faith)- Belief in monotheism and that Muhamed was the final prophet, his words is final for all, forever

Salah (Prayer)- Praying daily, 5 times, there is no priests, said in arabic, can pray anywhere

Zakah (Charity)- Give to those in need, the amount you give should be determined on how much you make, but you can choose how much you give, all things belong to god

Sawm (Fasting)-  Purifying yourself thorough fast, during a month, if you sick you can skip and make it up, helps learn restraint

Hajj (Pilgrimage)-  Going to mecca (obligated to go), wear special clothes, should go once times in your life,pray for god's forgiveness

Caliph

the successor to Muhammad, had a lot of influence

Justinian

was emperer of Byzantine, empire flourished under him. Reclaimed territory Lots of religious worshiping places were built/ religious stuff, created a good legal system.

Constantinople

The capitol of the Byzantine Empire

Hagia Sophia

means holy wisdom, a church, very beautiful, was turned into a mosque later

Roman Catholic

Pope had authority over the bishops, kings and empires, priests cant marry, cant divorce, services in latin

Great Schism (1054CE)

Eastern and western parts of the christian church split

Constantinople’s architecture and engineering

was advanced and beautiful

Patriarch

Leading bishop of Eastern Orthodox, under emperor, chosen by Emporer

Eastern Orthodox

The patriarchs and bishops are the leaders of the church as a group, emperor has authority over them, priests can get married, divorce is sometimes allowed, services in greek/ local languages

Belisarius

A great general, he did well in the war, attacked africa, captured naples

Icon

Religious items used by Eastern Christians to aid their devotions, gave them closer connection to god

Pope

leader of catholic chruch, selected by the religion,over emperor

4 “rightly-guided” caliphs (Abu-Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali)

Spread Islam East and West into Persia, Palestine, Syria. and Egypt, Tolerance of Jews and Christians (could keep religion and leaders as long as they pay taxes to the Islamic Empire), Caliphs elected to power.

Damascus

Umayyads capitol

Baghdad

was the capital for the Abasaids, It had access to trade (goods, gold, and info)

Arabian Peninsula

where the religion of Islam began

al-Andalus (Spain)

Started by an Umayyad who fled to Spain as the Abbasids were killing Umayyads, Separated Spain from the Abbasids, Cultural blending with Jews and Christians, Spanish Jews and Christians adopt many Arab or Muslim cultural practices – poetry, edu, philosophy all flourish while the rest of Europe is in the midst of the Dark Ages, City of Cordoba = center of culture, education, and poetry for all 3 three religions (influenced by Arab love of poetry), Jews welcomed Muslim rule (more tolerant/welcoming at that time than Catholic Christians). Jewish community actually helped the Muslims conquer Spain, Orthodox Catholic community detested the cultural mixing; strived to maintain a solely Christian culture (no Arab or Muslim culture). Finally, in the 1200-1400s, Catholics began a “Reconquista” of Spain, culminating with the Inquisition and the destruction of all non-Christian cultural influences in Spain.

Byzantine empire Culture and politics

They spoke greek, were diverse, had good trade, what roman empires said would go, but the Byzantine empire followed already set laws

Mongols

effective military force, they were strong, intimidating