[CC] Sodium

Sodium

Major extracellular cation

90%

Amount of sodium composition in the body

Sodium

determines plasma osmolality

Na-K ATPase pump

Makes sure that Na+ concentration in ECF is higher which prevents osmotic rupture of cells

True

T/F: Sodium plasma concentration depends on intake and water excretion

• ascending loop of Henle

• PCT

• DCT

Renal parts responsible for sodium reabsorption

Aldosterone

has an inverse effect on Potassium

1. Angiotensin II

2. active transport mechanism

_______ allows sodium reabsorption in the PCT via ______

DCT

part of the renal tubules that would be reactive in the presence of aldosterone

False

T/F: Aldosterone targets the liver

Adrenal gland (cortex)

releases aldosterone

PCT

80% of sodium are reabsorbed by

20-25%

How much sodium can the loop of Henle reabsorb?

1. Ion Selective Electrode

2. Colorimetric (Suderman and Delory; Trinder)

Methods of Sodium Determination

yellow

Sodium in flame photometry produces what color once the atoms are excited in a plate?

• protein buildup on the membrane

• poor selectivity

• poor reproducibility

sources of error in ISE for sodium determination

Glass aluminum silicate membrane

membrane utilized for sodium determination in ISE

Direct ISE

undiluted samples interact with the ISE membrane

Direct ISE

preferred in hyperlipidemic and hyperproteinemic samples

Indirect ISE

diluted samples are utilized

Suderman and Delory

zinc uranyl acetate

Trinder

magnesium uranyl acetate

yellow brown complex

Uranyl ions in suspension and thioglycolic acid produces _____

Phosphanazo III

sodium reagent kit reagent

0.01 mL

amount of standard solution for sodium

0.01 mL

amount of CN,CP, Unk supernatant for sodium

1.0 mL

amount of working reagent for sodium

620 nm

wavelength used for sodium determination

5 mins

incubation time for sodium determination

against distilled water

where will we compare the absorbance of RB, standard, and samples for sodium determination?

1.0

conversion factor for sodium

mmol/L or mEq/L

unit of measurement for sodium

150 mmol/L

Concentration of standard for Na

135-145 mmol/L

reference range for serum and plasma

40-220 mmol/day

reference range for 24 hr urine

135-150 mmol/L

reference range for CSF

• serum

• plasma

• urine

specimen used for sodium determination

• Lithium heparin

• Ammonium heparin

• Lithium oxalate

suitable anticoagulants for sodium determination

decreased

effect of marked hemolysis in sodium determination

False

T/F: Hemolysis can cause significant change in values

24-hour collection

specimen of choice in urine NA+ analyses

True

T/F: Sweat is a suitable specimen for sodium analysis

HYPERNATREMIA

Increased plasma or serum concentrations of sodium

HYPERNATREMIA

>145 mmol/L is considered as _____

HYPERNATREMIA

Results from excess loss of water, decreased water intake, or increased sodium intake or retention

HYPERNATREMIA

Symptoms involve CNS as a result of hyperosmolar state

>160 mmol/L

associated with 60-75% mortality rate

hyperosmolar state

Hypernatremia involves CNS as a result of _____

anything that causes dehydration (excess water loss, decreased water intake, increased sodium intake or retention)

causes of hypernatremia

False

T/F: Diabetes mellitus is associated with hypernatremia

due to ADH deficiency

why can’t water be reabsorbed when suffering from diabetes insipidus?

True

T/F: Hyperaldosteronism is associated with hypernatremia

<130 mmol/L

Na concentration of hyponatremia

HYPONATREMIA

Results from increased sodium loss, increased water retention, or water imbalance

125-130 mmol/L

GI symptoms

<125 mmol/L

neuropsychiatric symptoms

<120 mmol/L in 48 hrs

medical emergency

• increased sodium loss

• increased water retention

• water imbalance

causes of hyponatremia

True

T/F: SIADH is associated with hyponatremia

True

T/F: Hypoadrenalism is associated with hyponatremia

False

T/F: nephrotic syndrome is associated with hypernatremia

False

T/F: renal tubular disorder is associated with hyponatremia

True

T/F: potassium deficiency is associated with hyponatremia

hyponatremia

diuretic use

hyponatremia

hypoadrenalism

hyponatremia

potassium deficiency

hyponatremia

renal failure

hyponatremia

nephrotic syndrome

hyponatremia

Glomerular damage/disorder

hyponatremia

hepatic cirrhosis

hyponatremia

excess water intake

hyponatremia

SIADH

hyponatremia

pseudohyponatremia

hypernatremia

diabetes insipidus

hypernatremia

renal tubular disorder

hypernatremia

prolonged diarrhea

hypernatremia

Conn’s disease

hypernatremia

NaCO3 infusion

hypernatremia

increased oral or IV intake of NaCl