chapter 14 and 15 host defense mechanisms 1

resistance, body, surveillance, recognition, destruction, nonspecific, specific, defense, white, leukocytes

• immunology - aka host defenses

  • study of the development of … to infectious agents by the …

    • …. of the body

    • … of foreign material

    • …. of foreign material or agent

  • involve .. and … immune …. systems

  • … blood cells or … are involved

first, surface, penetrating body, second, past surface, third, specific, uniquely

• defense mechanisms of the host

  • the immune system can be divided into 2 categories

    • innate

      • … line of defenses - …. protection that keeps microbes from … .. compartments

      • …. line of defense - used if microbes make it .. … defenses

    • adaptive

      • … line of defense - … defenses that are developed … for each microbe

physical, microbiota, chemical

what are the first line of defense?

…. barriers

…. barriers

…. barriers

phagocytosis, inflammation, fever, antimicrobial

what are the 2nd line of defense?

…..

….

…

…. products

b, t

what are the 3rd line of defense?

…. cells, …. cells

monitor, recognize, destroy

• defense mechanisms of the host

  • a healthy immune system will

    • …. the body

    • … foreign material

    • …. foreign entities

immune, resistance, natural, cells, our, foreign, on, in, foreign, immune, surface, host, pamps

• defense mechanisms of the host

  • antigen - anything that can elicit an … response and stimulate …

    • self antigen - … markers on all … of … body

    • non self antigen - markers on … cells

  • pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) - molecules … or .. a microbe that would mark them as … to an … cell

  • pattern recognition receptor (PRR) - molecules on the … of … cells that recognize ….

rapid, effective, traverse, surveillance, immune, lymphatic, circulatory, lymph, blood

• tissues, organs, and cells in immunity

  • immune cells need a … and .. way to … the body for …. and … response

    • the .. and the … system allow this movement via the … and the …

arteries, capillaries, blood, two, heart, pumping, blood, oxygen, nutrients, cells, tissues

• tissues, organs, and cells in immunity

  • circulatory system

    • …., ….

    • …..

    • … way flow (to and from the …)

    • heart … moves …

    • circulates blood carrying …, …. and … to the ….

vessels, lymph, one, skeletal, contractions, cells, tissues

• tissues, organs, and cells in immunity

  • lymphatic system

    • lymphatic …

    • …

    • … way flow

    • … muscle … move lymph

    • circulates lymph carrying … to the …

made, mature, reside, work

• tissues, organs, and cells in immunity

  • primary lymphoid organs - sites where immune cells are … and …

  • secondary lymphoid organs - sites where immune cells … and …

thymus, bone marrow

what is in the primary lymphoid organs

blood, b, mature, t, mature

• tissues, organs, and cells in immunity

  • red bone marrow

    • all … cells are born in the blood marrow

    • location where … cells …

  • thymus

    • location where … cells ….

tonsils, lymph, spleen, mucosa, lymphoid tissue

• tissues, organs, and cells in immunity

  • what are in the secondary lymphoid organs

    • …

    • … nodes

    • ….

    • … associated … … (MALT)

filter, lymphatic, blood, pathogens, old blood, blood, skin, mucosa, gut, active, lymphocytes, throat, spots, gut, lymphocytes congregate

• tissues, organs, and cells in immunity

  • lymph nodes - …. the lymph and are located along … vessels and … vessels

  • spleen - filters … and .. … cells from the …

  • salt - … associated lymphatic tissue

  • malt - … associated lymphoid tissue

  • galt - … associated lymphoid tissue

  • tonsils - … source of …. in the … (MALT)

  • Peyer’s patches - …. throughout the … where … … (galt)

blood, plasma, plasma, white

• tissues, organs, and cells in immunity

  • blood - contains all … cells and …

  • lymph - contains … and … blood cells

white, platelets, red

• tissues, organs, and cells in immunity

  • buffy coat - .. blood cells, ….

  • hematocrit - … blood cells

depressed, less

• tissues, organs, and cells in immunity

  • anemia

    • …..

    • hematocrit % …..

elevated, more

• tissues, organs, and cells in immunity

  • polycythemia

    • ….

    • hematocrit % ….

chemicals, water, albumin, globulins, immunochemicals, fibrinogen, clotting, hormones, nutrients, gases, waste

• tissues, organs, and cells in immunity

  • plasma composition

    • hundreds of different …

    • main component is … (92%)

    • proteins such as … and …

    • ….

    • …. and other … materials

    • …., ….., dissolved …, and … products

production, blood, blood, precursor, all, stem, specialized

• tissues, organs, and cells in immunity

  • hematopoiesis - the … of … cells

  • hematopoietic stem cell - the … cells that is the … of … blood cells

  • differentiation - the process of a … cell being …

self, host, not, not, host, non, invading, attack, respond, phagocytosis

• tissues, organs, and cells in immunity

  • wbc recognize …. markers on the … cell

    • do … attack or do … respond to .. cell

  • wbc recognize … self markers on the .. microbe

    • … or … to microbe often by ….

granules, compounds, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

• tissues, organs, and cells in immunity

  • granulocytes

    • have …. that are packed full of antimicrobial …

      • …

      • …

      • …

not, granules, monocytes, t, b

• tissues, organs, and cells in immunity

  • agranulocytes

    • do … have …

    • …

    • … cells

    • … cells

horse, polymorphic, high, blood, tissue, phagocytizes bacteria, digestive, first, inflammation, white, 8

• tissues, organs, and cells in immunity

  • neutrophils

    • nuclei - …. shoe or … nuclei

    • present in … numbers in … and ….

    • … …. - granules are … enzymes

    • .. to arrive during an immune response (…)

    • 55-90% of circulation … blood cells

    • lifespan of … days

bilobed, marrow, spleen, attach, destroy eucaryotic, attract, leukocytes, release, mediators, inflammation, allergies

• tissues, organs, and cells in immunity

  • eosinophils

    • nuclei - ….

    • present in the bone … and …

    • … and … … pathogens

    • … other … and … chemical …

    • associated with … and …

constricted, low, eosinophils, localized, mast, histimine

• tissues, organs, and cells in immunity

  • basophils

    • nuclei - ….

    • present in … in number in the body - less than 0.5%

    • function is similar to …

    • … basophils are called … cells

    • release ….

2, third line, t, cell, b, antibody

• tissues, organs, and cells in immunity

  • lymphocytes

    • … most common leukocyte

    • … of defense

    • … cells - … mediated immunity

    • … cells - … mediated immunity

agranulocyte, macrophages, circulation, lymphatics, dendritic, tissue, phagocytic, killing, foreign, lymphocytes, active, assist, mediate, attack, inhibit, cells, reactions

• tissues, organs, and cells in immunity

  • monocytes

    • ….

    • differentiate into …. (…. and …) and … cells (… associated)

    • responsible for

      • many specific and nonspecific … and …. functions

      • processing … molecules and presenting them to …

      • secreting biologically …. compounds that …, …, …, and … immune … and ….

monocytes, antigen, monocytes, scavengers, phagocytosis, antigen

• tissues, organs, and cells in immunity

  • dendritic cells

    • differentiate from ….

    • serve as … presenting cells

  • macrophages

    • differentiate from …

    • serve as …. and carry out …

    • can serve as … presenting cells

immune, tissues easily, macrophages, dendritic, body, mps, specific, surveillance

• tissues, organs, and cells in immunity

  • mononuclear phagocyte system (mps) - provides a way for …. cells to migrate through the .. …

  • monocytes - differentiate into … or … cells, which will migrate through the …. via …

  • resident macrophages and dendritic cells - macrophages and dendritic cells that remain in a … location for …

specific, surveillance, in, near, entry, damage, tissues, responses

• tissues, organs, and cells in immunity

  • resident macrophages and dendritic cells - macrophages and dendritic cells that remain in a … location for …

    • often reside … or .. portals of …

    • can cause … to the … during immune ….

1, macrophage, b, t, activation

• tissues, organs, and cells in immunity

  • cytokine function - encourage inflammation

  • ex. IL - …

  • source cell - ….

  • acting cell / effect

    • … cells

    • … cells

    • ….

10, t, b, macrophage inactivation

• tissues, organs, and cells in immunity

  • cytokine function - discourage inflammation

  • example: IL - ….

  • source cell: … cells

  • acting cell/effect

    • … cells

    • …. - ….

alter, permeability, diameter, histamine, mast, basophils, blood, contract, relax

• tissues, organs, and cells in immunity

  • cytokine function: … vessel …. and ….

  • ex. …..

  • source cell: … cells and …

  • acting cell/effect: … vessels … or ….

growth, 7, bone marrow, stem, growth

• tissues, organs, and cells in immunity

  • cytokine function - …. factors

  • ex. IL - ….

  • source cell: … … cells

  • acting cell/effect: … cells ….

physical, entry, growth, destroy, specificity, least specific, survive

• first line of defense

  • the 1st line of defense has 3 major components

    • anatomical barriers - serve as … barriers that block ….

    • chemical barriers - serve as chemical barriers that inhibit … or ….

    • genetic barriers - protect due to … of some pathogens

  • these defenses are the .. … and the first barriers that pathogens must ….

skin, stratum corneum, hard, tightly, keratin, falls, shed, sweat, out, rapidly, washed, secretions, evacuated, vomiting, digestive, urinary, respiratory, eye

• first line of defense

  • anatomical barriers

    • …..

      • outermost layer - … … is made of … keratinized, … packed cells covered in ….

      • hair follicles - hair … out and outer layers constantly are ..

      • skin glands - … flushes … microbes

    • mucous membrane - cells are … replaced and surface is … with … or … (…., defecation, diarrhea)

      • …

      • ..

      • ..

      • ..

sebaceous, lysozyme, lactic, electrolyte, sweat, acidic, fatty, hcl, digestive, bile, semen, vagina

• first line of defense

  • chemical barriers

    • … secretions

    • … in tears

    • .. acid and … concentrations of …

    • skin’s … pH and … acid content

    • .. in the stomach

    • … juices and … in the intestine

    • … - antimicrobial chemical

    • acidic pH in the …

genetically, specificity, historical

• first line of defense

  • genetic barriers

    • some host are .. immune to the diseases of other hosts

    • particularly true of the .. of viruses

    • … importance

engulf, break, debris, microbes, dead, dispatching, immune, specific, abnormally, body, cellular, kill, directly, nonspecific

• second line of defense

  • the 2nd line of defense has 4 major components

    • phagocytosis - the ability of a cell to .. and subsequently .. down …, …. and …. cells

    • inflammation - the … of … cells to a …. location

    • fever - …. high … temperature

    • antimicrobial products - .. products that .. microbes … but in a … manner

immune, immunogenic, foreign, neutrophils, eosinophils, antigen, foreign, antigens, t, b, dendritic, macrophages

• second line of defense

  • phagocytosis - all cells have some capacity for phagocytosis, but … cells do it the best

    • allows cells to recognize .. info in … matter

      • ..

      • …

    • … presenting cells (APCs) use phagocytosis to break down … material and present the … to .. cells and .. cells

      • .. cells

      • …

chemotaxis, ingestion, phagolysosome, destruction

what are the 4 phases of phagocytosis

pathogen, peptidoglycan, lps, foreign

• second line of defense

  • phagocytosis

    • chemotaxis - directed by … associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

      • …

      • …

      • … debris

pseudopods, pathogen, foreign, phagosome

• second line of defense

  • phagocytosis

    • ingestion - .. enclose the .. or .. material

      • form a …

lysosomes, phagosome, chemicals, phagolysosome

• second line of defense

  • phagocytosis

    • phagolysosome - … fuses with the …

      • other antimicrobials … are related into the …

within, phagolyosome, oxygen, oxidative, oxidizing, enzymes, nitric, undigestible, released

• second line of defense

  • phagocytosis

    • destruction - … the …

      • …. dependent system

      • .. burst (… agents)

      • …

      • .. oxide

      • .. debris is …

sign, respond, reaction, tissues, rubor, color, tumor, dolor, loss, function

• second line of defense

  • inflammation - this is usually a… that our immune system is trying to … to something

    • …. to any traumatic event in the …

    • classic signs and symptoms

      • … (redness)

      • … (warmth)

      • … (swelling)

      • … (pain)

    • fifth symptom has been added - .. of …

mobilize, attract, site, motion, repair, localize, clear, harmful, destroy, block, invasion

• second line of defense

  • chief functions of inflammation

    • … and .. immune components to the .. of the injury

    • set in .. mechanisms to … tissue damage and … and … away … substances

    • … microbes and …. their further ….

nervous, chemical mediators, cytokines, blood, tissue, platelets, injured, vasoactive, endothelial, smooth, blood, white, fever, lymphocytes, virus, allergic, arterioles, vasodilation

• second line of defense

  • inflammation - controlled by .. stimulation, .. … and … released by .. cells, … cells, and .. in the .. area

    • … mediators affect the … cells and .. muscle cells of .. vessels

    • chemotactic factors (chemokines) - affect .. blood cells

    • cause …, stimulate …., prevent .. spread, and cause .. symptoms

    • .. constricted at first but quickly .. takes place

edema, fluid, gaps, walls, accumulation, exudates, plasma proteins, blood, cellular, clear, red, pus, white, leave, tissue, white, response, specific

• second line of defense

  • inflammation - … is a chief characteristic of inflammation

    • exudates - the .. that escapes through .. in the … of the vessels

    • .. of .. causes edema

    • contains .. .., .. cells, and .. debris

    • may be … or may contain .. blood cells or …

    • diapedesis: how .. blood cells … the blood vessels and into .. spaces

    • chemotaxis - the tendency of .. blood cells to migrate in .. to a … chemical stimulus

dilutes toxic, fibrin clots, spreading, phagocytosis, immediately, pyogenic, pus, neutrophils

• second line of defense

  • inflammation

  • benefits of edema

    • .. .. substances

    • .. .. can trap microbes and prevent further …

    • … occurs …

    • certain bacteria are … (… forming) - attract ….

long, monocytes, lymphocytes, macrophages, reaction, pus, cellular, dead neutrophils, tissue, b, antibodies, t, kill, directly, repaired, replaced, connective

• second line of defense

  • inflammation - … lived inflammation attracts a collection of .., …, and .. to the .. site

    • macrophages clear …, … debris, .. .., and damaged …

    • .. lymphocytes produce …

    • … lymphocytes .. intruders …

    • late in the process the tissue is … or .. by … tissue (scar)

elevated, unknown, pyrogen, hypothalamic, higher, muscles, heat, peripheral arterioles, loss, vasoconstriction, exogenous, endogenous

• second line of defense

  • fever - defined as an abnormally … body temperature

    • FUO: fevers of .. origin

    • initiation of fever

      • .. sets the … thermostat to a … setting

        • …. increase … production

        • … … decrease heat … through …

      • pyrogens can be … or …

inhibits multiplication, temperature, nutrition, bacteria, reducing, iron, increases metabolism, immune, protective physiological

• second line of defense

  • fever

    • … … of … sensitive microorganisms

    • impedes the .. of … by .. the availability of …

    • .. … and stimulates .. reactions and naturally .. .. processes

viruses, regulation, intercommunication, alpha, beta, gamma, viruses, rna, products, antigens, surfaces, changes, expression

• second line of defense

  • antimicrobial proteins - interferon (IFN): involved against …, other microbes, in immune … and …

  • 3 main types

    • interferon …

    • interferon ..

    • interferon ..

  • all 3 classes produced in response to …, …, immune …, and various …

  • bind to cell .. and induce .. in genetic …

activates, t, b, development, cancer, macorphages

• second line of defense

  • other roles of interferon

    • …. and instructs .. and .. cell ..

    • inhibits … cells

    • activates ….

complement, bacteria, viruses, destroy, cascade, classical, lectin, alternative

• second line of defense

  • antimicrobial proteins

    • …. is effective against .. and ..

    • at least 26 blood proteins that work in concert to … bacteria and certain viruses

    • …. reaction

    • 3 different pathways that all yield similar end results

      • …. pathway

      • … pathway

      • … pathway

presence, antibody, host serum, sugar, wall, fungi, complement, wall, surface

• second line of defense

  • antimicrobial proteins

    • classical - activated by the … of .. bound to microbes

    • lectin - activated when a .. .. protein binds a … (manna) in the .. of .. and other microbes

    • alternative - activated when … proteins bind to cell … or .. components of microbes

initiation, amplification, cascade, polymerization, membrane attack

• second line of defense

  • classical pathway

    • ….

    • …. and …..

    • …

    • .... …