US history 11 - semester 1 survey

vocab from semester 1 US history 11

Andrew Carnegie

Steel industry leader who used vertical integration to gain power

John D. Rockefeller

Founder of Standard Oil; used horizontal integration and monopolies, leading to calls for regulation

J.P. Morgan

Powerful banker who financed railroads and helped form major corporations like U.S. Steel

Monopoly

When one company dominates an entire industry; led to public backlash and antitrust laws

Horizontal Integration

Strategy of buying out competitors in the same industry (used by Rockefeller)

Vertical Integration

Controlling all stages of production from raw materials to distribution (used by Carnegie)

Charles Darwin

Scientist whose theory of evolution influenced Social Darwinism

Herbert Spencer

Philosopher who promoted Social Darwinism and opposed government regulation

Sherman Antitrust Act

1890 law designed to limit monopolies and regulate big business

Unions

Worker organizations that fought for better wages and working conditions

William Sylvis

Labor leader who founded the National Labor Union

Eugene V. Debs

Socialist and labor leader who led major strikes and ran for president

Knights of Labor

Inclusive labor union that supported social reforms

Capitalism

Economic system based on private ownership and competition

Socialism

System where the government or public owns the means of production

Pauline Newman

Labor organizer who fought for women's workers' rights

Gilded Age

Late 1800s period of industrial growth, wealth, and inequality

City Boss/Ward Boss

Political machine leader who controlled local politics and helped immigrants

Kickback/Graft

Illegal payments used in political corruption

Roscoe Conkling

New York political boss who controlled patronage

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

1911 factory fire that led to safety reforms

Patronage

Giving government jobs to supporters in exchange for loyalty

Civil Service

System of hiring government workers based on merit, not politics

President Garfield

President assassinated after supporting civil service reform

President Cleveland

Anti

Tariffs

Taxes on imported goods

Charles Guiteau

Assassinated President Garfield over denial of a patronage job

Progressivism

Reform movement addressing social, political, and economic problems

Muckraker

Journalist who exposed corruption and injustice

Suffrage

The right to vote; especially women's voting rights

Jacob Riis

Photographer who exposed poor living conditions in cities

Jane Addams

Founder of Hull House and leader of settlement house movement

Prohibition

Movement to ban alcohol; led to the 18th Amendment

Leon Czolgosz

Assassinated President McKinley in 1901

Theodore Roosevelt

Progressive president who broke up trusts and supported labor

William McKinley

President during industrial growth; assassinated in 1901

Henry Ford

Introduced the assembly line and mass

Social Darwinism

Belief that the strongest survive in society, used to justify inequality

Gentlemen's Agreement

1907 agreement limiting Japanese immigration

Populist Movement

Farmers' and workers' movement seeking economic reforms

Chinese Exclusion Act

1882 law banning Chinese labor immigration

Rutherford B. Hayes

President who began civil service reform

Susan B. Anthony

Leader of the women's suffrage movement

Upton Sinclair

Muckraker who wrote The Jungle

Booker T. Washington

African American leader who promoted education and gradual progress

W.E.B. Du Bois

Civil rights leader who demanded immediate equality and co

Meat Inspection Act

1906 law requiring federal inspection of meatpacking plants

John Muir

Naturalist who helped promote conservation and national parks

Pure Food and Drug Act

1906 law banning unsafe food and drugs

Anthracite Coal Strike

1902 strike where Roosevelt supported workers

Elkins Act

1903 law regulating railroad rates

Thomas Edison

Inventor who created the light bulb and phonograph

Bessemer Process

Faster and cheaper method of making steel

Wright Brothers

Inventors of the first successful airplane

Alexander Graham Bell

Inventor of the telephone

Urbanization

Growth of cities due to industrialization and immigration

Angel Island

Immigration station for mainly Asian immigrants

Ellis Island

Immigration station for mainly European immigrants

Woodrow Wilson

Progressive president who passed antitrust laws and led the U.S. during WWI

Imperialism

When a stronger nation takes control of weaker countries to gain power or resources.

The Spanish

American War

John Hay

U.S. Secretary of State who promoted the "Open Door Policy" in China for equal trade.

The Boxer Protocol

Treaty that ended the Boxer Rebellion; forced China to pay damages to foreign powers.

William Jennings Bryan

American politician who opposed imperialism and supported peace; ran for president three times.

Wilhelm II

German emperor during WWI who expanded the military and encouraged aggression.

The Ottoman Empire

Large Muslim empire in the Middle East that joined the Central Powers in WWI.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

His assassination started WWI.

Gavrilo Princip

Serbian nationalist who killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

Nationalism

Strong pride and loyalty to one's country.

Militarism

Building up strong armed forces to prepare for war.

The Triple Entente

Alliance of France, Russia, and Great Britain before WWI.

The Central Powers

Alliance of Germany, Austria

The Balkan Peninsula

Region in southeastern Europe known for high tension before WWI.

The Schlieffen Plan

Germany's plan to defeat France first, then fight Russia.

U

Boat

Tanks

Armored vehicles first used in WWI to cross trenches.

Queen Liliuokalani

Last queen of Hawaii, overthrown when the U.S. annexed the islands.

Yellow Journalism

Exaggerated news stories meant to stir emotions and sell papers.

Isolationism

Policy of staying out of other nations' affairs.

Joseph Pulitzer

Newspaper publisher known for yellow journalism and creating the Pulitzer Prizes.

The Zimmerman Note

German message urging Mexico to attack the U.S.; helped lead to U.S. entry into WWI.

Victory Gardens

Gardens Americans grew to help the war effort during WWI.

George Creel

Led U.S. propaganda to support WWI.

The Great Migration

Movement of African Americans from the South to Northern cities for jobs.

Eugene V. Debs

Socialist leader jailed for opposing WWI.

The 19th Amendment

Gave women the right to vote.

Vladimir Lenin

Leader of the Russian Revolution; created a communist government.

Vice Admiral William Sims

Improved U.S. Navy convoy systems to protect ships.

Woodrow Wilson

U.S. President during WWI; proposed the 14 Points and League of Nations.

Vittorio Orlando

Italian leader at the Treaty of Versailles.

David Lloyd George

British leader at the Treaty of Versailles.

Georges Clemenceau

French leader who wanted to punish Germany after WWI.

The 14 Points of Woodrow Wilson

Wilson's peace plan after WWI promoting self

Henry Cabot Lodge

U.S. Senator who opposed joining the League of Nations.

Communism

System where all property is owned by the government and shared equally.

The Red Scare

Fear of communism spreading in the U.S. after WWI.

none

none

U.S.S. Maine

U.S. ship that exploded in Cuba, leading to the Spanish

Spanish Flu

Deadly worldwide flu outbreak after WWI.

Lusitania

British passenger ship sunk by Germany; angered Americans.