Blues- Dynamics
Variation due to the performer
Blues- Rhythm
4/4, Syncopation, Swing rhythms
Blues- Tempo
Usually moderato, Variation due to the performer
Blues- Structure
12 bar blues, Varied sections
Blues- Melody
Repeating ideas, Simple, Follows the blues scale, Stepwise, Riffs and hooks, Improvisation, Call and response
Blues- Instrumentation
Instruments - trumpet, saxophone, double bass, piano, electric guitar, drum kit, vocals, Techniques - glissando, vibrato, scat
Blues- Texture
Usually homophonic
Blues- Harmony
Extended chords, Walking bass line, Dissonant
Blues- Other
Originates from the slave trade
Latin- Dynamics
Mainly forte
Latin- Rhythm
Syncopation, Clave rhythms, 4/4 or 2/4, Triplets, Dotted rhythms
Latin- Tempo
Varies depending on style, Slow rhythmic pace, Fast tempo to dance to
Latin- Structure -
Strophic, Repetitive
Latin- Melody
Sentimental, Usually in Spanish, Call and response, Heavily accented, Ostinato
Latin- Instrumentation
Instruments include - piano, vocals, bass guitar, acoustic guitar, electric guitar congos, drum kit, castanets
Latin- Texture
Mainly homophonic, Sometimes polyphonic
Latin- Harmony
Simple harmonies based on the tonic and dominant chords, Minor harmonies, Extended chords
Latin- Types
Tango, Latin ballads, Reggeaton, Habanera, Bossa nova, Samba, Merengue, Rumba, Danzon,
Folk- Dynamics
The collaborative nature means it is often forte, Variation depending on the song
Folk- Rhythm
Straight rhythms, 4/4, 6/8, 2/4 or 3/4 - varied
Folk- Tempo
Accelerando, Usually faster than andante (moderato, allegro etc)
Folk- Structure
Strophic, Verse-chorus structure, Intro and outro
Folk- Melody
The lyrics tell a story, Improvisation, Conjunct, Repetitive, Call and response, Syllabic, Motif, One main melody, Based on the pentatonic scale, Sometimes uses irregular phrase lengths
Folk- Instrumentation
Acoustic instruments, Other instruments - fiddle, accordion, melodeon, banjo, tin whistle, harp, bagpipes
Folk- Texture
Canon, Melody and accompaniment
Folk- Harmony
Repetitive chord pattern, Drone/Pedal note, Simple
Folk- Other
Oral tradition, No sheet music, The countries of the British Isles (Scotland, England, Wales, Northen Ireland) have different styles of folk
Caribbean- Dynamics
Generally forte
Caribbean- Rhythm
Syncopation, Off beat, Clave rhythms, Usually 4/4 or 2/4, Polyrhythms, Mostly in a 3-3-2 pattern, Jumpy rhythms
Caribbean- Tempo
Usually allegro but can vary, Reggae is slower
Caribbean- Structure
Verse-chorus structure, Strophic
Caribbean- Melody
Patois dialect, Improvisation, Call and response, Nonsense words, Lyrics of love and life, Riffs
Caribbean- Instrumentation
Instruments include - vocals, steel pans, claves, maracas, nabusa, guiro, tragogo, guitars, Techniques - scat, tremelo
Caribbean- Texture
Usually homophonic
Caribbean- Harmony
Tonal, Simple, Based on repeating chord patterns
Caribbean- Types
Salsa, Calypso, Soca, Mento, Ska, Reggae, Roca Steady, Merengue
African- Dynamics
Not much dynamic variation
African- Rhythm
Off beat, Polyrhythms, Repeated patterns
African- Structure
One melody repeated
African- Melody
Small melodic intervals, Riff, Passed on through oral tradition, Call and response
African- Instrumentation
Instruments include - ramkie, kalimba, dondo drum, bendi drum, djembe, kona, Techniques - offbeat jazz, vibrato, glissando, portamento, clicking and whistling sounds
African- Texture
A capella, Homophonic, Sometimes polyphonic
African- Harmony
Simple, Few chords, Close harmony
African- Types
Close harmony a capella, Jazz, Gospel, Traditional
Melody
riff, pitch bend, melisma
hook, slide, glissando
improvisation, ostinato, blue notes
blue notes
a minor interval where a major would be expected, used especially in jazz.
Harmony
Power chords, chord symbols e.g. C^7, stock chord progressions
harmony
pentationic, modal, blues scale
structure
intro/outro, verse, chorous, break, 12 bar blues, drum fill
sonority
contemporary instruments e.g. electric guitar
specific instruments e.g. sitar
sonority
palm mute, pitch bend, hammer on, pull off, slide guitar
rim shot in drums
falsetto, belt, rap, beat-boxing, scat singing
palm mute
Guitar technique where the palm of the right hand is placed across the strings, creating a muted effect.
rim shot
(drumming technique) one loud hit
sonority
slap bass
amplification, distortion
ADT and DIT
slap bass
a technique in which the bass player percussively hits the low strings of the instrument while picking melodies on the higher ones
tempo, metre and rhythm
bpm, mm, groove, backbeat, syncopation, off beat, shuffle, swing/sung
riff
short melodic phrase in rock music repeated (often on bass called bass riff)
Hook
catchy main idea that can be a few notes or a whole phrase (often contains words)
I - IV - vi - IV
-popular chord progression
used in Don't stop believing, No Woman No Cry, I'm Yours
I - vi - IV - V
60's progression still used in the 21st century
Baby, Kingston's beautiful Girls
I - IV - V - IV
Wild Thing, Good Love, La Bamba
I - IV - I - IV
only two different chords
John Lennon's imagine
I - vi - I - vi
only two different chords again
sometimes major to minor keys to create distinct change
examples of catchy prologues
dramatic and religious opening thats suspenseful
introduces with a thin texture and builds up
chordal
music consists essentially of a series of chords
scalic
music that is based on scales ascending and/or descending in pitch.
'Little shop of Horrors' instruments
electric guitar, bass, drums, piano, electric organ reflecting 1960s rock'n'roll
undertones
a low or quiet voice
tonality
Principle of organization around a tonic, or home, pitch, based on a major or minor scale.
anacrusis
an extra unaccented syllable at the beginning of a line before the regular meter begins
how can artists use elements of music to create a successful musical theatre duet?
do not focus solely on 'duet' it is the whole musical performance you need to take into account
how does the rhythm affect the piece? etc.
polyphony
Music with two or more melodies blended together.
how can artists use elements of music to create a successful piece of theatre music?
fast tempo
catchy, syncopated accompaniment
how can artists use elements of music to create a successful musical theatre duet? (rhythm and meter impact)
speed of the tempo means interplay between two (or more) singers need good timing which adds to the comedic effect of the piece
how can an artist use elements of music to create a successful musical theatre duet? (melody)
catchy/memorable from use of riffs
conjunct and scalic movements
repetition creates conversational effect
continuous melody
how can an artist use elements of music to create a successful musical theatre duet? (singing)
solo, unison, harmony
how can an artist use elements of music to create a successful musical theatre duet? ( textures)
contrasting textures help to develop interest in the song and drive the narrative of the show
Sergeant Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band
regarded as progressive rock
linked to British psychedelia
Progressive Rock
genre of rock developed in the 1960s
uses elements of classical, folk and jazz styles
harmonic rhythm
speed at which the harmony changes. If the chords change slowly it would be called a slow harmonic rhythm
coda
concluding part of a literary or musical composition; something that summarizes or concludes
Hammond Organ
harmonica sounding keyboard
another term for 'bridge'
middle 8
sitar
up to 23 strings, about 6 actually played. The rest are 'sympathetic strings'
sympathetic strings
each of a group of additional wire strings fitted to certain stringed instruments to give extra resonance.
Indian Music: Rag
series of notes used as the basis of classical Indian music
Mixolydian mode
a mode on G when untransposed
ADT
double tracking is used to make the sound of a performer fuller on a single line of music
close-micing
recording technique where the microphones are placed close to the sound source
linear loops (gaming)
a line of music will be comprised of different movements and a as a player progresses, a trigger point corresponds with different versions of the loops
what are the effect of linear loops?
triggers parts of the music that reacts to the gameplay in emotionally satisfying ways
Horizontal resequencing
interactive game music where there is two separate stands of music and the player is switched between them depending on the game mode
contrapuntal
music that uses counterpoint, a texture where to or more melodic lines are played together at the same time
counterpoint
(n) contrasting item, opposite; a complement; the use of contrast or interplay in a work of art
power chords
A chord containing three pitches: a low note, its octave, and a third note in between that vibrates in a ratio of 3:2 with the lower interval.
backbeat
Placing a strong accent on the offbeats. In a four-beat measure, the drummer typically emphasizes beats 2 and 4, creating the basic rhythm of rock music.
double stopping
playing two notes simultaneously on a string instrument
pull-off
switching from a higher note to a lower note without re-picking it
Hammer ons
Hammer effect is that of a finger rapidly pressing down on a string with a higher pitch resulting. Don't change strum/pick.
Instruments used in rap
turntables, samplers, drum machine, keyboards,