studying types of music (copy)

Blues- Dynamics

Variation due to the performer

Blues- Rhythm

4/4, Syncopation, Swing rhythms

Blues- Tempo

Usually moderato, Variation due to the performer

Blues- Structure

12 bar blues, Varied sections

Blues- Melody

Repeating ideas, Simple, Follows the blues scale, Stepwise, Riffs and hooks, Improvisation, Call and response

Blues- Instrumentation

Instruments - trumpet, saxophone, double bass, piano, electric guitar, drum kit, vocals, Techniques - glissando, vibrato, scat

Blues- Texture

Usually homophonic

Blues- Harmony

Extended chords, Walking bass line, Dissonant

Blues- Other

Originates from the slave trade

Latin- Dynamics

Mainly forte

Latin- Rhythm

Syncopation, Clave rhythms, 4/4 or 2/4, Triplets, Dotted rhythms

Latin- Tempo

Varies depending on style, Slow rhythmic pace, Fast tempo to dance to

Latin- Structure -

Strophic, Repetitive

Latin- Melody

Sentimental, Usually in Spanish, Call and response, Heavily accented, Ostinato

Latin- Instrumentation

Instruments include - piano, vocals, bass guitar, acoustic guitar, electric guitar congos, drum kit, castanets

Latin- Texture

Mainly homophonic, Sometimes polyphonic

Latin- Harmony

Simple harmonies based on the tonic and dominant chords, Minor harmonies, Extended chords

Latin- Types

Tango, Latin ballads, Reggeaton, Habanera, Bossa nova, Samba, Merengue, Rumba, Danzon,

Folk- Dynamics

The collaborative nature means it is often forte, Variation depending on the song

Folk- Rhythm

Straight rhythms, 4/4, 6/8, 2/4 or 3/4 - varied

Folk- Tempo

Accelerando, Usually faster than andante (moderato, allegro etc)

Folk- Structure

Strophic, Verse-chorus structure, Intro and outro

Folk- Melody

The lyrics tell a story, Improvisation, Conjunct, Repetitive, Call and response, Syllabic, Motif, One main melody, Based on the pentatonic scale, Sometimes uses irregular phrase lengths

Folk- Instrumentation

Acoustic instruments, Other instruments - fiddle, accordion, melodeon, banjo, tin whistle, harp, bagpipes

Folk- Texture

Canon, Melody and accompaniment

Folk- Harmony

Repetitive chord pattern, Drone/Pedal note, Simple

Folk- Other

Oral tradition, No sheet music, The countries of the British Isles (Scotland, England, Wales, Northen Ireland) have different styles of folk

Caribbean- Dynamics

Generally forte

Caribbean- Rhythm

Syncopation, Off beat, Clave rhythms, Usually 4/4 or 2/4, Polyrhythms, Mostly in a 3-3-2 pattern, Jumpy rhythms

Caribbean- Tempo

Usually allegro but can vary, Reggae is slower

Caribbean- Structure

Verse-chorus structure, Strophic

Caribbean- Melody

Patois dialect, Improvisation, Call and response, Nonsense words, Lyrics of love and life, Riffs

Caribbean- Instrumentation

Instruments include - vocals, steel pans, claves, maracas, nabusa, guiro, tragogo, guitars, Techniques - scat, tremelo

Caribbean- Texture

Usually homophonic

Caribbean- Harmony

Tonal, Simple, Based on repeating chord patterns

Caribbean- Types

Salsa, Calypso, Soca, Mento, Ska, Reggae, Roca Steady, Merengue

African- Dynamics

Not much dynamic variation

African- Rhythm

Off beat, Polyrhythms, Repeated patterns

African- Structure

One melody repeated

African- Melody

Small melodic intervals, Riff, Passed on through oral tradition, Call and response

African- Instrumentation

Instruments include - ramkie, kalimba, dondo drum, bendi drum, djembe, kona, Techniques - offbeat jazz, vibrato, glissando, portamento, clicking and whistling sounds

African- Texture

A capella, Homophonic, Sometimes polyphonic

African- Harmony

Simple, Few chords, Close harmony

African- Types

Close harmony a capella, Jazz, Gospel, Traditional

Melody

• riff, pitch bend, melisma

• hook, slide, glissando

• improvisation, ostinato, blue notes

blue notes

a minor interval where a major would be expected, used especially in jazz.

Harmony

Power chords, chord symbols e.g. C^7, stock chord progressions

harmony

pentationic, modal, blues scale

structure

intro/outro, verse, chorous, break, 12 bar blues, drum fill

sonority

• contemporary instruments e.g. electric guitar

• specific instruments e.g. sitar

sonority

• palm mute, pitch bend, hammer on, pull off, slide guitar

• rim shot in drums

• falsetto, belt, rap, beat-boxing, scat singing

palm mute

Guitar technique where the palm of the right hand is placed across the strings, creating a muted effect.

rim shot

(drumming technique) one loud hit

sonority

• slap bass

• amplification, distortion

• ADT and DIT

slap bass

a technique in which the bass player percussively hits the low strings of the instrument while picking melodies on the higher ones

tempo, metre and rhythm

• bpm, mm, groove, backbeat, syncopation, off beat, shuffle, swing/sung

riff

short melodic phrase in rock music repeated (often on bass called bass riff)

Hook

catchy main idea that can be a few notes or a whole phrase (often contains words)

I - IV - vi - IV

-popular chord progression

• used in Don't stop believing, No Woman No Cry, I'm Yours

I - vi - IV - V

• 60's progression still used in the 21st century

• Baby, Kingston's beautiful Girls

I - IV - V - IV

• Wild Thing, Good Love, La Bamba

I - IV - I - IV

• only two different chords

• John Lennon's imagine

I - vi - I - vi

• only two different chords again

• sometimes major to minor keys to create distinct change

examples of catchy prologues

• dramatic and religious opening thats suspenseful

• introduces with a thin texture and builds up

chordal

music consists essentially of a series of chords

scalic

music that is based on scales ascending and/or descending in pitch.

'Little shop of Horrors' instruments

electric guitar, bass, drums, piano, electric organ reflecting 1960s rock'n'roll

undertones

a low or quiet voice

tonality

Principle of organization around a tonic, or home, pitch, based on a major or minor scale.

anacrusis

an extra unaccented syllable at the beginning of a line before the regular meter begins

how can artists use elements of music to create a successful musical theatre duet?

• do not focus solely on 'duet' it is the whole musical performance you need to take into account

• how does the rhythm affect the piece? etc.

polyphony

Music with two or more melodies blended together.

how can artists use elements of music to create a successful piece of theatre music?

• fast tempo

• catchy, syncopated accompaniment

how can artists use elements of music to create a successful musical theatre duet? (rhythm and meter impact)

speed of the tempo means interplay between two (or more) singers need good timing which adds to the comedic effect of the piece

how can an artist use elements of music to create a successful musical theatre duet? (melody)

• catchy/memorable from use of riffs

• conjunct and scalic movements

• repetition creates conversational effect

• continuous melody

how can an artist use elements of music to create a successful musical theatre duet? (singing)

solo, unison, harmony

how can an artist use elements of music to create a successful musical theatre duet? ( textures)

contrasting textures help to develop interest in the song and drive the narrative of the show

Sergeant Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band

• regarded as progressive rock

• linked to British psychedelia

Progressive Rock

• genre of rock developed in the 1960s

• uses elements of classical, folk and jazz styles

harmonic rhythm

speed at which the harmony changes. If the chords change slowly it would be called a slow harmonic rhythm

coda

concluding part of a literary or musical composition; something that summarizes or concludes

Hammond Organ

harmonica sounding keyboard

another term for 'bridge'

middle 8

sitar

up to 23 strings, about 6 actually played. The rest are 'sympathetic strings'

sympathetic strings

each of a group of additional wire strings fitted to certain stringed instruments to give extra resonance.

Indian Music: Rag

series of notes used as the basis of classical Indian music

Mixolydian mode

a mode on G when untransposed

ADT

double tracking is used to make the sound of a performer fuller on a single line of music

close-micing

recording technique where the microphones are placed close to the sound source

linear loops (gaming)

a line of music will be comprised of different movements and a as a player progresses, a trigger point corresponds with different versions of the loops

what are the effect of linear loops?

triggers parts of the music that reacts to the gameplay in emotionally satisfying ways

Horizontal resequencing

interactive game music where there is two separate stands of music and the player is switched between them depending on the game mode

contrapuntal

music that uses counterpoint, a texture where to or more melodic lines are played together at the same time

counterpoint

(n) contrasting item, opposite; a complement; the use of contrast or interplay in a work of art

power chords

A chord containing three pitches: a low note, its octave, and a third note in between that vibrates in a ratio of 3:2 with the lower interval.

backbeat

Placing a strong accent on the offbeats. In a four-beat measure, the drummer typically emphasizes beats 2 and 4, creating the basic rhythm of rock music.

double stopping

playing two notes simultaneously on a string instrument

pull-off

switching from a higher note to a lower note without re-picking it

Hammer ons

Hammer effect is that of a finger rapidly pressing down on a string with a higher pitch resulting. Don't change strum/pick.

Instruments used in rap

turntables, samplers, drum machine, keyboards,