Biochem Part 2 Chapter 2

How many valence electrons does carbon have

How many valence electrons does carbon have

4

How and why is carbon so versatile?

it can bond itself and other atoms in many different ways

A molecule is organic if it has a

carbon-hydrogen bond

Is H₂O organic

no

Is CH₄ organic

yes

Is C₆H₁₂O₆ organic

yes

Isomers are two different molecules with the same chemical formula BUT

different structural formula

dehydration

take the water out of something

synthesis

putting things together to make something new

dehydration synthesis

taking water from a molecule and creating something new thats waterless

hydrolysis

to break apart molecules by adding water

What must be removed to combine 2 glucose molecules?

water (H2O)

What is the name of the reaction used to combine 2 glucose molecules?

dehydration synthesis

What is the molecular formula of starch when you combine 4 glucose molecules?

C24H40O20

What is the ratio of C to H to O?

1:2:1

What is the name of the reaction used to break starch back into monosaccharides?

hydrolysis, which uses water to break the bonds between monosaccharides.

CHO

carb/lipid

CHON

protein

CHONP

nucleic acid

monomer (building block) of carb is

monosaccharide (glucose)

2 monosaccharides make a

dissaccharides

lots of monosaccharides joined together are called

polysaccharides

lipids contain

fat and oils

do lipids dissolve in water?

No, they are hydrophobic (they don’t like water)

lipids monomer is

glycerol and fatty acids

saccharide is another name for

sugar

hydrolysis

to break apart molecules by adding water

monomer of protein is

amino acid

most of a protein contains

many amino acids bonded together

nucleic acids contain

DNA

nucleic acids monomer is

nucleotide

What are the 2 results of using a Hydrolysis reaction on a disaccharide? 

glucose and fructose

1. List 3 characteristics of Carbohydrates.

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

What are the 2 results of combining two monosaccharides by a dehydration synthesis reaction?

disaccharide

enzymes are

proteins

sequence of the amino acids; mostly straight shape and function determined by the sequence

primary structure

localized shape of a protein (folding because of + and - charges)

secondary structure

How the whole structure is held together (zig-zag)

tertiary structure

more than one folded polypeptide chain joined together

quaternary structure

consists of 2 to 50 amino acids linked by peptide bonds

peptide

types of lipids

fats, oils, waxes, steriods

atoms on the same side in an isomer

sis

atoms on the opposite sides in an isomer

trans

2 carbons

eth(ane)

3 carbons

prop(ane)

4 carbons

but(ane)

glucose and fructose are

monosaccharides

what does it mean to be lactose intolerant

your body does not have the enzymes to break up the dissaccharide (lactose)

starch and cellulose are both chains of

glucose molecules

what can we not eat and break down

cellulose

what can we eat and break down

starch

ration of H to O is great in

lipids than carbs

a single glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains make a

triglycerol

lipids are ______ (no charges) which means they are hydrophobic and cannot be dissolved in water

nonpolar

saturated fats

-no double bonds

-linear structure

-high melting point

-solid at room temp

-called a fat

unsaturated fat

-1 or more double bonds

-kinked structure

-low melting point

-liquid at room temp

-called an oil

what makes saturated fats so unhealthy

they are more stackable (you can fit more fat in a small space)

what causes the bend in a molecule

double carbon bond

3 parts of a nucleotide

sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base

hemoglobin

carries oxygen to our cells and CO2 out of our bodies

what gives blood its reddish color

iron in the middle of a protein molecule

what do amino acids have in common

all have an NH2, a C double bonded to an H and an OH, and CH in between both

NH2 group is called

amino group

amino acids are joined by

peptide bonds

peptide bonds are formed by

dehydration synthesis

2 amino acids in a chain are called

dipeptide

what is lipids function

long term energy storage and cell structure

what is a denatured protein

a protein that cannot function

monounsaturated vs polyunsaturated

one double bond; multiple double bonds

what type of catalyst is an enzyme

biological

what are R groups

the part of the amino acid that is different for every one

what is nucleic acids function

stores genetic information

what are the 2 types of nucleic acids

DNA and RNA

lock and key model vs induced fit model

enzyme always in a ready position; waits until substrate is near to form