SCI 3RD QUARTER LESSON 1 G10

DNA and RNA

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

A molecule that carries the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning, and reproduction of all living organisms.

RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)

A molecule that plays a crucial role in the process of translating genetic information from DNA into proteins.

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

The type of RNA that transcribes the DNA nucleotide bases to RNA nucleotide bases and carries the genetic information from the DNA to the ribosomes for protein synthesis.

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

The type of RNA that binds mRNA and transfer RNA (tRNA) to ensure the correct translation of codons into amino acids during protein synthesis.

RNA (tRNA)

The type of RNA that translates mRNA codons into the correct amino acids, forming the building blocks of proteins.

Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

The flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA (transcription) and then from RNA to protein (translation).

Transcription

The process by which the genetic information in a DNA strand is copied into a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule.

Translation

The process in which protein molecules are assembled from the information encoded in mRNA, with the help of tRNA and rRNA.

Codon

A sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid during protein synthesis.

Start Codon

the codon (AUG) that signals the beginning of the translation process and the start of protein synthesis.

Stop Codon

Codons (UAG, UGA, UAA) that signal the end of the translation process, indicating that the protein is complete.

Protein

Complex biomolecules made up of chains of amino acids. They perform a wide range of functions within organisms, including catalyzing metabolic reactions (enzymes), providing structural support, transporting molecules, and defending against diseases (antibodies).