RT 201 IMAGING SCIENCE MIDTERMS

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Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS)

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a system used to store, retrieve, manage, and store images produced by various medical imaging modalities

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Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS)

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reduces the need for manually handling film-based images and provides instant access to images and reports across the healthcare system

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136 Terms

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Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS)

a system used to store, retrieve, manage, and store images produced by various medical imaging modalities

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Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS)

reduces the need for manually handling film-based images and provides instant access to images and reports across the healthcare system

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basic pacs workflow

order entry, image acquisition, image transfer to PACS, radiologist review, distribution of results

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order entry

a clinician orders an imaging exam for a patient

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image acquisition

the imaging exam is performed, and the data is acquired

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image transfer to PACS

the image data is transferred to the PACS for storage and accessibility

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radiologist review

a radiologist accesses the images, performs an interpretation, and generates a report

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distribution of results

the report and images are available for the referring physician and others involved in patient care

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genetic workflow

refers to a universal approach to handling px data and images from different sources in a standardized and consistent way

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genetic workflow

ensures data consistency, better resource management, and easy retrieval across multiple systems in the healthcare facility

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Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise (IHE)

it establishes protocols and workflows to ensure that different systems (EHRs, PACS, IT systems) can communicate effectively (feasibility of network)

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IHE Radiology Workflow

ensures smooth integration and coordination between radiology departments and other healthcare systems

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key components of IHE radiology workflow

scheduled workflow profile, patient information reconciliation

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Scheduled Workflow Profile

ensures seamless flow of px information from registration, image acquisition, final reporting, and archiving

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Patient Information Reconciliation

resolves inconsistencies in patient demographics that may occur during imaging procedures

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steps in radiology workflow

scheduling/order entry, patient registration, image acquisition, image processing, interpretation by radiologists, reporting and communication

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scheduling/order entry

the process begins when a physician orders an imaging study

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patient registration

accurate px information is entered into the system

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image acquisition

technologists perform the imaging study using the appropriate modality

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image processing

the images are processed and made ready for review (manipulation of images)

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interpretation of radiologists

radiologists read and interpret the images, creating diagnostic reports

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reporting and communication

the report is communicated back to the referring physician and any necessary follow-up is conducted

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workflow analysis

analyzing the radiology workflow helps in identifying bottlenecks, inefficiencies, and opportunities for automation.

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key metrics to analyze in workflow analysis

time from order entry to report availability, image acquisition time, report turnaround time, system uptime and downtime (PACS performance)

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less than 5 minutes

standard image acquisition time

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data silos

information is not easily shared between departments (information is casted out or isolated)

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different formats

of imaging data makes it hard for systems to interpret and share data effectively

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security and privacy concerns

especially with sensitive patient information (common issue is hacking)

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Health Level Seven (HL7)

a set of international standards for the transfer of clinical and administrative data between HIS; it is essential for sharing data across different health IT systems

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HL7

standard format for textual information

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DICOM

standard format for images

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Internet Standards

utilize standard internet protocols such as TCP/IP and HTTPS to ensure secure transmission of images and reports across networks (for security purposes, prevents potential hacking)

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Transmission Control Protocol

TCP

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Internet Protocol

IP

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Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure

HTTPS

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Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine (DICOM)

the global standard for the transmission, storage, retrieval, and display of medical images and related information

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Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine (DICOM)

it ensures that medical imaging devices from vendors can communicate with PACS, RIS, and EHR systems

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key components of DICOM

file format standard, communication protocols, image compression

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file format standard

for images, which include both the the image and metadata

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metadata

annotation; information embedded in the image

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communication protocols

for exchanging information across networks

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image compression

for efficient storage and information transmission of large files

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HL7 Overview

crucial for data exchange between information systems; i it covers everything from px records, to lab results, and medical imaging reports

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HL7 in Radiology

it ensures that order information, px demographics, and report data are transmitted accurately between PACS, RIS, and EHR systems

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Interoperability

it is the ability of different health systems and devices to work together (if there is no network, information has limited access)

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IHE and Interoperability

IHE defines integration profiles that specify how systems should communicate to ensure interoperability

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Scheduled Workflow (SWF)

coordinates the entire workflow from image order to reporting

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Cross-Enterprise Document Sharing (XDS)

allows the sharing of px record, including images, across different healthcare institutions

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Quality Evaluation

involves accessing the visual quality and diagnostic usefulness of medical images

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Quality Evaluation

ensures that the images produced are adequate for diagnosis minimizing the need for repeat exposures

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key parameters for quality evaluation

image quality metrics, subjective vs objective evaluation, artifacts and image degradation

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spatial resolution

ability of an imaging system to distinguish small details; measured in line pairs per millimeter (lp/mm); sharpness of the image

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contrast resolution

ability to distinguish between different intensities in an image, indicating the differences in tissue density; visibility of the image

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signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)

measures the clarity of the image; higher SNR = better image quality

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modulation transfer function (MTF)

describes how well an imaging system can reproduce or transfer detail from the object to the image

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subjective evaluation

relies on human observers, such as radiologists, to assess mage quality based on visual perception; can be bias

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objective evaluation

uses quantitative methods, such as mathematical algorithms and metrics to evaluate image without human bias

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artifacts

unwanted things that are not included in the true anatomy

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common artifacts

motion artifacts, aliasing, beam hardening

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statistical anaylsis

used to extract meaningful information from images such as identifying patterns or quantifying image features

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information entropy

measures the uncertainty or randomness within an image; aids in the evaluation of image complexity and data compression technique

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mean, median, mode

measures of central tendency that describe the average intensity levels in an image

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standard deviation and variance

indicate the spread or variability of pixels intensities, reflecting image contrast

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histogram analysis

plots the frequency of occurrence of each intensity value in an image, helping to identify the distribution of pixel values and contrast

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information entropy

measures the amount of information present in an image; used in image compression and noise reduction

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segmentation

divides an image into distinct regions based on pixel characteristics such as intensity or texture, for further analysis

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feature extraction

identifies specific patterns, shapes, or regions of interest within an image

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coding and decoding

essential for efficient image storage and transmission

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coding and decoding

enables compression, reduce file sizes, and facilitates secure image sharing without losing diagnostic quality

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lossless compression

no data loss, og image can be perfectly reconstructed; PNG and GIF

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lossy compression

some data is lost, reduces file size; JPEG and MP3

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DICOM standard

the standard for handling, storing, and transmitting medical images; contains both image data and meta data

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Huffman Coding

a lossless data compression algorithm that uses variable-length codes for encoding symbols based on their frequencies

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Run-Length Encoding (RLE)

compresses consecutive runs of the same value, reducing redundancy in images

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decoding

converts the compressed image back to its original form, retaining quality based on the chosen compression method

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stable signal processing

involves predictable and consistent transformations that preserve integrity

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stable signal processing

low-pass filtering and smoothing are examples of

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unstable signal processing

may lead to unpredictable changes in the signal, potentially introducing artifacts or altering the og image content

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unstable signal processing

common in non-linear transformations or when the input signal is highly variable

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gaussian filtering

a linear filter that smooths images by reducing high-frequency components

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high frequency components

consumes more process in RAM; high demand in computer performance

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median filtering

a non-linear filter that reduces noise while preserving edges by replacing each pixel value with the median of neighboring pixel values

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fourier transform and frequency analysis

decomposes an image into its frequency components, aiding in the analysis and filtering of specific frequencies

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image transformation

mathematical operations that alter an image to enhance or extract specific features, making it easier to analyze or process

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types of transformation

geometric, intensity, spatial and frequency domain, wavelet transform, principal component analysis

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translation, rotation, and scaling

modify the position, orientation, and size of an image

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affine transformation

includes translation, scaling, rotation, and shear; maintains collinearity and parallelism of points in the image

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intensity transformation

modifies the intensity of pixel values to enhance image contrast or visibility of specific features

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logarithmic and exponential transformation

enhance dark regions or compress bright regions in an image

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spatial domain

direct manipulation of pixel values in an image

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frequency domain

manipulation of images based on its frequency components

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wavelet transform

decomposes an image into different frequency components, providing both spatial and frequency information; useful for denoising and feature extraction

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principal component analysis (PCA)

reduces the dimensionality of an image dataset

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principal component analysis (PCA)

highlight major components and eliminating redundancies

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pre-medical image processing

involves manipulating raw data obtained from imaging devices to produce a high-quality image that accurately represents the scanned image

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types of pre-medical image processing

image reconstruction, background removal, noise removal, image compression

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image reconstruction

the process of creating visual images from raw data generated by medical imaging systems

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types of image reconstruction

filtered back projection, fourier transform-based methods, iterative reconstruction

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filtered back projection (FBP)

commonly used in CT; involves transforming raw data into an image by projecting it onto a grid

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fourier transform-based methods

often used in MRI; help convert frequency data into spatial images

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