period 3 all topics

1785 Alexandria Conference

Delegates from VA and MD met in Alexandria, Virginia to discuss trade arguments on the Potomac River; it decided to invite all states in 1786 to discuss trade disputes in all states

1786 Annapolis Convention

A meeting held in Annapolis, Maryland in September 1786 to consider problems of trade and navigation, attended by five states and important because it issued the call to Congress and the states for what became the Constitutional Convention.

Philadelphia Convention

12 colonies sent delegates to revise the Articles of Confederation. The delegates soon agree the United States needs a new Constitution

Virginia Plan

New Constitution proposal which called for representation based on population in both houses of a bicameral Congress. The plan favored the larger and higher populated states. The Constitution would also have an executive and judicial branch.

New Jersey Plan

New Constitution proposal which would have given each state one vote in a unicameral Congress. The plan favored smaller states with a lower population. The Constitution would also have an executive and judicial branch.

The Great Compromise

Compromise made by Constitutional Convention in which states would have equal representation in one house of the legislature and representation based on population in the other house.

Connecticut Compromise

Another name for the Great Compromise?

Slave Trade Compromise

Congress could not regulate the slave trade until 1808; in 1808 the international slave trade would cease.

3/5ths Compromise

Agreement providing that enslaved persons would count as ______ of other persons in determining representation in Congress. A state’s population is important because it determines the number or Representatives that a state receives in the House of Representatives. In addition, a state’s population influences how many electoral votes the state gets in the Electoral College for Presidential elections.

Commercial Compromise

Allowed Congress to regulate interstate commerce yet prohibits (prevents) any taxation of exports.

Exports are goods leaving the United States of America.

Remember! The U.S. government CAN tax imports…this is a what a TARIFF is.

Electoral College

The body of electors who formally elect the United States president and vice-president.

Alexander Hamilton

He came up with the idea for an "electoral college" to elect the president of the United States.

Federalists

Supporters of the U.S. Constitution at the time the states were contemplating its adoption.

Federalist Papers

A collection of 85 articles written to defend and advocate the ratification of the new Constitution.

Alexander Hamilton
John Jay
James Madison

Authors of the Federalist Papers

Anti-Federalists

Opponents of the new Constitution at the time when the states were contemplating its adoption.

Anti-Federalist Papers

a series of essays written to counter and defeat the proposed U.S. Constitution

Melancton Smith
Richard Henry Lee

Authors of the Anti-Federalist Papers

1788

The date that the new Constitution was considered "ratified" because 9 of the 13 states had accepted it.

New York

What state were the Federalist Papers the most widely read and important to influence the view of the people toward ratifying the new Constitution?

Minutemen

Member of a militia during the American Revolution who could be ready to fight on short notice.

Lexington and Concord

first battles of the Revolutionary War

Breed's Hill / Bunker Hill

First major battle of the Revolutionary War. Took place right outside Boston. The British managed to win the battle, however the British took heavy casualties, which was a victory of sorts for the colonials.

2nd Continental Congress

Drafted the "Olive Branch Petition" and created a Continental Army with George Washington as the leader.

Olive Branch Petition

Final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies).

Declaration of the Causes and Necessities for Taking Up Arms

Law passed by the 2nd Continental Congress which stated why the colonies were taking up arms against Britain and it also called for the formation of the Continental Army.

Richard Henry Lee

leader of the American Revolution who proposed the resolution calling for independence of the American colonies

Lee Resolution

A proposal made in the 2nd Continental Congress in 1776 that proclaimed that the American colonies should break away from Britain and should be free.

Declaration of Independence

The document ratified by the second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776 that asserted the independence of the colonies from Great Britain; the document was written by Thomas Jefferson

Thomas Jefferson

Man that wrote the Declaration of Independence

July 4, 1776

Date on which the Declaration of Independence was ratified.

Advantages of the British

1. Professional Army and Navy - larger population from which to draw for troops (however they did not rely on British conscripts; they paid German "Hessian" Mercenaries)
professional fighting force (48,000 standing troops)
Most powerful navy in the world
Blockade colonial ports

2. Financial resources - considerable financial resources
The Americans received financial support from France and greatly benefited from direct French military intervention after 1778

3. Native Americans - Native Americans were eager to see an end to colonial expansion westward and supported the British (Cherokee and 4 of 6 Iroquois tribes)
Native Americans did not want any more colonial encroachment

Advantages of Colonists

1. Home Field Advantage - Americans were fighting for a lofty ideal - liberty - as well as their homes and way of life

2. French Assistance - Military assistance Marquis de Lafayette from France
Financial assistance

3. Guerrilla Warfare - ability to utilize guerrilla warfare, which often effectively counteracted Britain's disciplined troops and greater firepower

4. Didn't have to WIN the War - The Americans hoped that a protracted war would convince the British public and allies of the American cause in Parliament that continuing the war was senseless.

1777

In what year were the Articles of Confederation (A.O.C.) written?

1781

What year were the Articles of Confederation (A.O.C.) ratified?

Battle of Saratoga

American victory over British troops in 1777 that was a turning point in the American Revolution.

Treaty of Alliance

French agreement to support the American colonies both militarily and financially.

British Southern Strategy

The British after the loss at Saratoga decided to head south to conquer the southern colonies. They were successful conquering Savannah and Charleston and then began to head north.

Battle of Yorktown

Last major battle of the Revolutionary War. General Cornwallis and his troops were trapped in the Chesapeake Bay by the French fleet. He was sandwiched between the French navy and the American army.

Treaty of Paris

This treaty ended the Revolutionary War

Treaty of Paris

1. The borders of the United States would be: the Mississippi River (west), Spanish Florida (south), the Great Lakes and British Canada (north), Atlantic Ocean (east).

2. The British had to give up control of all forts (and remove all of their troops) in the Great Lakes region.

1. The borders of the United States would be: the Mississippi River (west), Spanish Florida (south), the Great Lakes and British Canada (north), Atlantic Ocean (east).

2. The British had to give up control of all forts (and remove all of their troops) in the Great Lakes region.

What were the different parts of the Treaty of Paris (1783)?

Revenue Act

English law enacted to enforce the collection of trade duties established by the Navigation Acts; colonial merchants had avoided the Navigation Acts for decades by bribing English customs officials.

1762

What year was the Revenue Act enacted?

Compromise of 1763

George III and Parliament gave colonial assemblies the right to raise an army / militia, control education, religion, and sell land and issue land titles.

Sugar Act

The British were deeply in debt because of the French & Indian War. English Parliament placed a tariff on sugar, coffee, wines, and molasses. Colonists had avoided the tax by smuggling and by bribing tax collectors.

1764

What year was the Sugar Act passed?

writs of assistance

legal document that enabled officers to search homes and warehouses for goods that might be smuggled

vice admiralty courts

A British court used to decide maritime disputes (maritime = relating to shipping or ocean travel); cases were decided by a a royally appointed judge, and not a jury.

No taxation without representation

reflected the colonists' belief that they should not be taxed because they had no direct representatives in Parliament

Stamp Act

British law that taxed printed goods, including playing cards, legal documents, newspapers.

virtual representation

The idea that all English subjects are represented by members of Parliament whether or not they are able to vote for them or not.

Quartering Act

Law that required the colonials to provide lodging in inns, livery stables, ale houses, victualing houses (tavern), and the houses of sellers of wine. If there wasn't enough room in the taverns, the colonies were forced to provide lodging in "uninhabited houses, out-houses, barns, or other buildings.

Stamp Act Congress

Group of colonists who protested the Stamp Act, saying that Parliament couldn't tax without colonist's consent

1765

What year was the Stamp Act passed?

Otis Warren, John Hancock, Paul Revere, Sam Adams

Name 3 different famous "Sons of Liberty."

1766

When was the Stamp Act repealed?

Declaratory Act

When Parliament repealed the Stamp Act in 1766, they immediately passed this law in response. Name the law.

Declaratory Act

Law that stated Parliament had authority over the the colonies and the right to tax and pass legislation "in all cases whatsoever."

Townshend Acts

A tax that the British Parliament placed on leads, glass, paint and tea.

Restraining Act

suspended the New York Assembly until it submitted to the Quartering Act. And it declared that New York's assembly and all other representative bodies were completely dependent on the will or Parliament.

Daughters of Liberty

This organization of women supported the boycott of British goods. They urged Americans to wear homemade fabrics and produce other goods that were previously available only from Britain. They believed that way, the American colonies would become economically independent.

homespuns

Yarn and cloth produced by American women which allowed colonies to escape dependence on British textile manufacturers and created an opportunity for women to make a unique contribution to the colonial resistance.

boycotts

Colonists refusing to buy English products until England meets the demands of the colonists.

Liberty

Ship owned by John Hancock that was involved in the smuggling of a lot of goods into the New England colonies.

Boston Massacre

British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans who were protesting British soldiers taking part time jobs when they were not on duty.

Crispus Attucks

The African-Native American man who was killed at the Boston Massacre.

Gaspee

British anti-smuggling ship that ran aground (stuck in a shallow area) off Rhode Island in 1772; the Sons of Liberty rowed out and set the ship on fire.

Sam Adams

He started the Committees of Correspondence.

Committees of Correspondence

A system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and eventually in other colonies; the group communicated ways to oppose the British taxation and oppression.

1773

What year was the Tea Act enacted?

1773

What year was the Boston Tea Party?

Tea Act

Law passed by the British that allowed the British East India Company to sell low-cost tea directly to the colonies for a price lower than smuggled Dutch tea.

The Tea Act

What law led to the Boston Tea Party?

Coercive Acts

What is another name for the Intolerable Acts?

Intolerable Acts

What is another name for the Coercive Acts?

Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts)

Enacted by the British Parliament to punish the colonists for the Boston Tea Party.

Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts)

British laws that closed Boston Harbor to all trade / shipping, made British General Gage the governor of Massachusetts, and limited the power of Massachusetts assemblies.

Quebec Act

Law that gave French-Canadians (who had fought against the British in the French and Indian War land in the Ohio Country.

1st Contiental Congress

55 men attended to address the Coercive Acts and continued British oppression.

Galloway's Plan of Union

Two part plan proposed at the 1st Continental Congress; America would have a president general appointed by the king and a colonial legislative assembly whose members would be selected by the individual colonies. The plan failed in a vote by Continental Congress (by 1 vote) because it was seen as being too lenient.

1. America would have a president general appointed by the King of England
2. America would have a colonial legislative assembly whose members would be selected by the individual colonies.

What were the two parts to Galloway's Plan of Union?

Declaration of Rights and Grievances

Petition to the King stating that Britain had no right to tax the colonies and that the colonies would not import any British goods starting in Dec. 1774

patriots

Colonists who wanted independence from Britain.

loyalists

Colonists who supported the British.

Thomas Jefferson

Secretary of State of the new republic under the first President George Washington.

Alexander Hamilton

Secretary of Treasury of the new republic under the first President George Washington.

Henry Knox

Secretary of War of the new republic under the first President George Washington.

Judiciary Act of 1789

A law passed by the first Congress to establish a system of lower federal courts. A law was need to do this because the Constitution states that the federal government only must have a Supreme Court, however Congress has the power to create other federal courts if they feel necessary.

Report on Public Credit

Alexander Hamilton's 1790 report recommending that the federal government should assume all state debts and pay off the debt from the Revolutionary War by selling government issued bonds. Hamilton would pay off the previous debts, which would establish good credit with other nations and wealthy men who had lent the new country money in a time of need, by creating new debts (selling the government bonds).

Report on National Bank

Alexander Hamilton's 1790 report that created the Bank of the United States.

Report on Manufacturing / Revenue / Tariffs

Alexander Hamilton's 1790 report urging the nation to become self-sufficient in industry, protecting those new industries by enacting taxes on foreign goods and enacting an excise tax on whiskey.

first two party system

Federalist Party - made up of northern manufacturers and wealthy merchants; supported the policies of Alexander Hamilton.
Democratic Republicans - made up of western yeoman farmers and skilled workers (artisans). Led by Thomas Jefferson.

Bank of the United States

Proposed by Alexander Hamilton as the basis of his economic plan, it was an institution that would be owned by the U.S. government (20%) and private individuals (80%). The institution would loan money to capitalists (entrepreneurs) and control the amount of money in circulation (the more money in circulation the easier it is to get a loan, the less money in circulation the harder it is to get a loan).

Elastic Clause

What is another name for the "Necessary and Proper Clause?"

Necessary and Proper Clause

What is another name for the "Elastic Clause?"

Article 1 Section 8

The Elastic Clause / The Necessary and Proper Clause is located in what part of the Constitution?

Congress

Article 1 Section 8 states that _____ can make any laws they need to in order to carry out their Constitutional duties.

agrarian vision

Thomas Jefferson's idea of a society based on farming performed by yeoman farmers. Jefferson wanted productive farm families to settle in the west. He felt that sending meat and grain to Europe in exchange for manufactured goods would prove very rewarding.

Thomas Jefferson

Who came up with the "agrarian vision?"