pharmacognosy 5 - Heteroglycans

Gums and Mucilages

Gums and Mucilages

• natural plant hydrocolloids that may be classified as anionic or non-ionic polysaccharides

• translucent, amorphous substances that are produced by plants as a protective after injury

• upon hydrolysis, they yield arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, xylose and various uronic acid derivatives

• Binders,

• emulsifiers,

• gelating agents,

• suspending agents,

• stabilizers,

• thickeners and

• adhesives

Pharmaceutic Uses of Gums and Mucilages

• Bulk laxative

• Demulcent

• Emollient

Pharmacologic Uses

• Acacia,

• Tragacanth,

• Karaya Gum or Sterculia Gum,

• Gatti Gum or Indian Gum

examples of Plant (Shrub or Tree) Exudates

mnemonics: AKI TRAVIS STAYED IN INDIA

True

TRUE OR FALSE

Acacia or Gum Arabic is insoluble in Alcohol USP

Arabin

Principal Constituent of Acacia or Gum Arabic, complex mixture of Ca, Mg and K salts of Arabic Acid

Acacia

Remains in solution at alcohol concentration below 60%

Tragacanth

contains:

• 60-70% - Bassorin

• 30% - Tragacanthin

Bassorin

Swells in water but does not dissolve

Tragacanthin

More water soluble component in Tragacanth

Cementation

Acacia can’t be added in Bismuth preparation because it can cause what?

Gelatinization

Acacia can’t be added in Iron preparation because it can cause what?

Sterculia Gum

Karaya Gum is also known as _

Karaya Gum

• it has a fetid color (sterculia)

• least soluble, absorbs water, swells several times its original bulk and forms a discontinuous type of mucilage

• Movicol

  • KARAYA (laxative) + FRANGULA (irritant cathartics)

Karaya Gum is present in what drug?

Ghatti Gum

• Substitute for Acacia Gum

• Produces dispersions that are more viscous than Acacia gum

Indian Gum

Ghatti Gum is also known as a

• Quince seed or Cydonium,

• Locust Bean Gum,

• Guar Gum,

• Plantago seeds

examples of Seed Gums

mnemonics: QUEEN ST. JOHN GUARDED PSYCHOTICS

Plantago Seed

• Bulk cathartic

• Lubricant cathartic

Husk

• Seed part of Plantago seed: ____ (outer seedcoat)

• Uses: Bulk cathartic & Lubricant cathartic

• Psyllium seed

• Plantain Seed

Other names of Plantago Seed

Quince Seed

Cydonium is also known as

Guar Guam

a seed gum that hydrates in cold water and stable in acidic solutions

Cydonium

a seed gum that has thixotropic property

Epithelium

Cydonium or Quince Seed is isolated from this part of seed:

Endosperm

Guar Guam is isolated from this part of seed:

Endosperm

Locust Bean Gum is isolated from this part of seed:

• Carob

• St. John’s Bread

Locust Bean Gum is also known as

Algin

Sodium Alginate is also known as

Purified carbohydrate product extracted from Brown seaweeds by the use of dilute alkali

Fucoidan

• from Brown Algae

• treatment of Herpes Simplex Infection

Agar

• From Red Algae

• Bulk laxative

• Gel in bacteriological culture media

Japanese Isinglas

other name for Agar

Carrageenan

From Red Algae or Seaweeds

Irish Mosh

other name for Carrageenan

1. Galactose

2. Glucose

3. Fructose

4. Arabinose

Carrageenan is a Galactan that when it is hydrolyzed it forms:

• Kappa

• Iota

• Lambda

what are the three types of Carrageenan?

Danish Agar

Similar to Kappa Carrageenan

Furcellarian

other name for Danish Agar

Pseudoplastic Property

enables toothpaste and ointments to hold shape and to spread readily

Dan AI Japan Car

mnemonics for marine gums

Pectin

• Purified carbohydrate product obtained from the dilute acid extract of the inner portion of the rind of citrus fruits or from apple pomace

• Uses: protectant, suspending agent and antidiarrheal agent (adsorbs toxin

Bark of Acacia Senegal, Fabaceae

Scientific & Family Name of Acacia

Bark of Astragalus Gummifer, Fabaceae

Scientific & Family Name of Tragacanth

Sterculia urens, Sterculiaceae

Scientific & Family Name of Karaya Gum

Anogeissuss latifolia, Combretaceae

Scientific & Family Name of Ghatti Gum

Plantago Psyllium, Plantaginaceae

Scientific & Family Name of Spanish Plantago Seed

Plantago Ovata, Plantaginaceae

Scientific & Family Name of Blonde Plantago Seed

Cydonia vulgaris, Rosaceae

Scientific & Family Name of Cydonium

Cyamopsis tetragonolobus, Fabaceae

Scientific & Family Name of Guar Gum

Ceratonia siliqua, Fabaceae

Scientific & Family Name of Locust Bean Gum

Macrocystis pyrifera, Lessoniaceae

Scientific & Family Name of Sodium Alginate

• Gelidium cartilagineum,

• Gelidiaceae Gracilaria confervoides,

  Gracilariaceae

Scientific & Family Name of Agar

• Gigartina mamillosa,

• Chondrus crispus,

  GIGARTANACEAE

Scientific & Family Name of Carrageenan

Furcellaria fastigiata, Furcellariaceae

Scientific & Family Name of Danish Agar

Xanthomonas campestris, Xanthomonadaceae

Scientific & Family Name of Xanthan Gum

• Citrus grandis C., Rutaceae

• Pyrus malus, Rutaceae

Scientific & Family Name of Pectin