Psychology Test 2

Extrasensory Perception

said to be the ability to perceive outside of the 5 senses.

Lens

behind the iris, focuses image onto the retina.

Reinforcement

a consequence of a behavior that increases the likelihood it will occur again.

Recognition

comparing new information with information stored previously.

Tolman

________ and Honzik- study of rats and response time going through mazes.

Cornea

covers the eye and bends light into the iris (covers the eye)

Ossicles

malleus, incus, and stape- magnify vibrations and transmit to inner ear.

Optic Nerve

transmits electrical impulses from the eye to the brain.

Latent Learning

acquiring new knowledge that is not yet needed and hasnt been reinforced or punished.

Extinction

the reverse of the Acquisition.

Social Readjustment Rating Scale

created by Holmes and Rahe, measures and ranks stress based on "life change units ..

Absolute Threshold

the minimum intensity possible of a stimulus that still registers.

Instincts

automatic, involuntary, unlearned patterns of behavior that are triggered by particular stimuli.

Sensory Receptors

specialized cells that respond to particular types of energy.

Acquisition

the process of learning the Conditioned Response.

Memory

the process by which information is acquired, encoded, stored, retrieved, and forgotten.

Paranormal Psychology

study of any phenomena that is not replicable, impossible, not explainable, beyond normal range of experience.

Recall

the retrieval of presently stored information.

smallest change

Defined as the ________ in a stimulus that a person can detect 50 % of the time.

inner state

A(n) ________ and process that arouses, directs, maintains, and terminates behavior.

texture

Cutaneous Receptors- respond to touch: pressure, shape, ________, movement, temperature.

Just Noticeable Difference

the ability to detect subtle changes in the strength of a stimulus.

Iris

colored part of the eye that consists of muscles that open and close the pupil.

Extrinsic

a force from outside us.

Intrinsic

a force from within us.

Rods

do not interpret color, but give night vision, peripheal vision, and detect motion.

Retina

round screen at back of the eye, contains photoreceptors (rods and cones)

Cones

interpret color and are concentrated at the center of the retina, work best in high levels of light.

Pupil

dark center of the iris.

Vestibular System

provides the sense of balance and the information about body position that allows rapid compensatory movements in response to both self- induced and externally generated forces.

Amnesia

the inability to form or recall memories as result of brain injury or trauma.

Declaritive Explicit Memory

for facts, figures, dates, and requires conscious effort to encode and retrieve.

Kinesthetic System

part of human physiology that provides each person with sensory awareness of the position and movements of his or her body.

Webers Law

the size of the JND is a constant proportion of the original stimulus.

Ear Drum

thin, skin tight membrane, vibrates when hit by sound waves.

Memory Decay

refers to the fading of memories over time.

Cochlea

snail shaped, fluid filled structure that connects to the auditory nerve

Movement

we use cues of movement to help us understand depth and interpret 3D images.

Emotions

the experience of emotions are characterized by two components, subjective feelings and physiological responses.

Anterograde Amnesia

unable to form memories of events after the brain injury or trauma.

Binocular Cues

the shape of our eyes changes when focusing on things close to us or far from eyes that information is relayed to the brain.

Selective Attention

we pay attention to certain sensory info and ignore the rest. Sensory overload is caused by problems with this

Neutral Stimulus

When (NS) is paired with UCS, NS becomes a Conditioned Stimulus (CS) that gets a Conditioned Response (CR)

Trichromatic Theory

3 color theory, we see all color as a mixture of red, blue, and green.There are 3 types of cones in the eye, each responding to one of the cones.

Olefactory Epithelium

and olefactory receptors attach to the olefactory nerve which leads to the brain.

Retrograde Amnesia

inability to retrieve memories of events prior to trauma.

Sensory Receptors

photoreceptors, chemoreceptors, and mechanoreceptors, specialized cells that respond to particular types of energy

Cutaneous Receptors

respond to touch, pressure, shape, texture, movement, temperature

Gestalt (whole) Processing-

grouping of the whole to better understand proximity, similarity, continuity, common fate, closure

Auditory Nerve

a bundle of nerve fibers that carries hearing information between the cochlea the brain

Nociceptors

a sensory receptor for painful stimuli

Top-Down Processing

one of the sensory information is received in the Cerebral Cortex, the "higher level" processes then takes that info and combines it with past experience, expectations, and emotional states to further process information

Figure-Ground Processing

when we observe a scene, the parts we pay attention to are the "figure" and the rest are the "ground"

Monocular Cues

we use physical characteristics of a scene to interpret depth, which inclueds convergence of parallel lines, relative size, light, and shadow

Personal Factors

your worldview affects your perceptions

Drive-Reduction Theory

biological needs are the primary motivator for maintaining homeostasis

Arousal Theory

we are driven achieve our optimal state of arousal. Explains why people play sports, climb mountains, read books

Paul Ekman's 6 Basic Emotions

anger, fear, surprise, happy, sad, disgust

Cognitive Theories of Emotion

emotion is a function of the psychologic response and our interpretation of that response

Stress

a generalized response to a non-specific threat. Can affect people psychologicaly, emotionally, physiologically, and behaviorally

Learning

the mental process leading to a relatively permanent change in behavior

Examples of Classical Conditioning

1. A WARM AND NURTURING TEACHER MOTIVATES STUDENTS
A warm and nurturing teacher (US) makes students feel connected (UR). Students associate going to school (CS) with the teacher. Therefore, students learn to enjoy going to school (CR)​2​.

2. A HARSH AND STRICT TEACHER DEMOTIVATES STUDENTS
A harsh and strict teacher (US) makes students feel bad (UR). Students associate going to school (CS) with the harsh teacher and learn to feel bad about going to school (CR).

Law of Effect

any behavior followed by pleasant consequences tends to be repeated and any behavior followed by unpleasant consequences tends not to be repeated

operant conditioning

conditioning in which an operant response is brought under stimulus control by virtue of presenting reinforcement contingent upon the occurrence of the operant response, B.F. Skinner

Shaping

behavior by reinforcing "successive approximations" of desired behavior

Schedules of Reinforcement

Continuous reinforcement or intermittent reinforcement, ratio or interval

Cognititve Theory of Learning

Tolman and Honzik studied rats' response time going through a maze and found that rats with no reward but then who recieved a reward later were the fastest

Social Theory of Learning

we learn from one another through observation, imitation, and modeling

Sensory Memory

receives input from the sensory neurons, holds a large amount of information for a very brief amount of time (most information is forgotten in less than 1 second)

Short Term Memory (Primary Memory)

Limited capacity (only 5-9 chunks of information at a time), lasts only a few seconds, lengths of time can be extended by rehearsing information

Long Term Memory

essentially consists of everything you know about the world, unlimited capacity, lasts a lifetime

Procedural/Implicit Memory

for skills, abilities, routines, and requires practice and repetition to encode but not to retreive

Episodic Memory

memories of single events and are stored in a mental autobiography

Semantic Memory

memories of concepts, context, and meaning which includes language,your worldview, understanding of personal relationships

Accuracy of Long Term Memories

"memories are mental representations,not reproductions." Memories are subject to personal factors and environmental influence

Memory Source Confusion and Mis-Attribution

information learned after an event becomes part of the memory of the event