Theme 1 - Population (copy)

What are potential pull factors?

better climate, better housing, better healthcare, better education, improved prospects, to be with friends/family, entertainment, employment, higher wages, safer, cleaner, better lifestyle

What is the current population of Earth?

8 billion

What is birth rate?

The number of live births per 1000 people per year in a given area

What is death rate?

The number of deaths per 1000 people per year in a given area

What is fertility rate?

The average number of children a woman has

What is population density?

The population per square kilometre

What are causes of overpopulation in Bangladesh?

Lack of education, polygamy, early marriage, lack of family planning

What is the birth rate in Bangladesh?

2 births per 1000 people per year

What are the effects of overpopulation in Bangladesh?

Shortage of food and water, traffic congestion, high crime rates, poor education, poor healthcare, deforestation, poor housing

What are the causes of underpopulation in Australia?

Dry, hot climate, inaccessible, lack of infrastructure

What is the birth rate in Australia?

1.6 births per 1000 people per year

What are the effects of underpopulation in Australia?

Labour shortage, less innovation and development, need to attract immigrants, difficulties to defend the country

What is overpopulation?

When there are not enough resources for the inhabitants in an area

What is underpopulation?

When there are more resources than the inhabitants can use in an area and it could support more people

Which continent has the youngest population on average?

Africa

What is the fertility rate in the Gambia?

4.78 births per woman

What was the birth rate for the Gambia in 2022?

37 births per 1000 people

What are issues caused by a youthful population?

Resources focused on education and healthcare, bad economy as most of the population doesn’t work, potential for an ageing population later on

What are solutions to a youthful population?

anti-natal policy, education, increased family planning, further development

Which country has the oldest people on average?

Japan

How many people are reported to be over the age of 100 in Japan?

1 million

What was the fertility rate in Japan in 2020?

1.34 births per woman

What is the birth rate for Japan in 2023?

7 births per 1000 people

What are issues caused by an ageing population?

Healthcare systems under a lot of pressure, public pensions under pressure, poverty amongst the elderly

What are solutions for an ageing population?

Technological advancements, increase taxation, pro-natal policies, raise retirement age, encourage immigration.

What is the population of Australia?

25 million

What is the population density of Australia?

3.42 people per square kilometre

What is the population of Bangladesh?

172 million

What is the population density of Bangladesh?

1328.62 people per square kilometre

What is the literacy rate of Bangladesh?

74.91%

What is the GDP per capita of Bangladesh?

$2000 GDP per capita per year

What is the death rate of Bangladesh?

6 people per 1000 people per year

What is the unemployment rate of Bangladesh?

5.3%

What is the birth rate in France?

11 per 1000 people per year

What is the death rate in France?

9.9 per 1000 people per year

What is the fertility rate in France?

1.88

What is the growth rate in France?

1.5%

What is the life expectancy in France?

82.72

What is the infant mortality rate in France?

3.8

What is infant mortality rate?

The number of children dying at birth or before their first birthday per 1000 children per year

What is the birth rate in Sierra Leone?

32 per 1000 people per year

What is the death rate in Sierra Leone?

11.51 per 1000 people per year

What is the fertility rate in Sierra Leone?

4.26

What is the growth rate in Sierra Leone?

5.5%

What is the infant mortality rate in Sierra Leone?

80.9

What is the life expectancy in Sierra Leone?

54.31

Which age group are young dependents?

0-14

Which age group are old dependents?

65+

Which age group are economically active?

15-64

When was the One Child Policy introduced?

1st January 1979

What was the name of the anti-natalist policy in China?

The One Child Policy

How many births is the One Child Policy thought to have prevented?

400 million

How many Chinese men have no partners?

24 million

What was the fertility rate in China in 1970?

5.7

When did the One Child Policy end?

2016

What was the gender ratio in China due to the One Child Policy?

118 boys to 100 girls

Since the year 2000, how many Mexican migrants have entered the USA each year?

850,000 per year

How many illegal Mexican migrants are there in the USA?

12 million

Why are migrants attracted to the USA?

High salaries, employment opportunities, better quality of life

What do Mexican migrants send back home to Mexico?

remittances / money

What is the fertility rate in Mexico?

2.1

What is the fertility rate in the USA?

1.7

What is the life expectancy in Mexico?

75.05

What is the life expectancy in the USA?

78.79

What is the GDP PPP per capita in Mexico?

$8,346.70

What is the GDP PPP per capita in the USA?

$63,543.58

What is the homicide rate in Mexico?

29.1

What is the homicide rate in the USA?

5

What are push factors from Mexico?

high murder rate, higher unemployment rate, climate/natural hazards, high poverty rates

What is the unemployment rate in Mexico?

4.71%

What is the unemployment rate in the USA?

4.60%

What are pull factors to the USA?

better healthcare thus higher life expectancy, higher GDP per capita, lower poverty rates, academic opportunities, lower homicide rate

What are the social positives to mass migration from Mexico to the USA?

Increase in diversity in American life and especially schools, Spanish is taught in American schools

What are the social negatives to mass migration from Mexico to the USA?

Many Mexicans don’t speak English when they arrive so struggle to assimilate, increase in crime in the USA, reduced birth rates in Mexico, Mexicans face discrimination in the USA, Mexico has an ageing population because all the economically active individuals are leaving so its economy isn’t good

What are the economic positives to mass migration from Mexico to the USA?

Jobs Americans don’t want are filled by Mexicans, even low-paying jobs are filled so American life is smoother, immigrants send remittances (money) back home to Mexico which boosts its economy

What are the economic negatives to mass migration from Mexico to the USA?

Americans think that jobs have been stolen from them, increase in poverty in the USA due to Americans being forced to take low-paying jobs as the immigrants have taken all the other ones which means the government has to spend money on that instead of solving other issues involving defense, healthcare or education, few jobs left over, higher unemployment rates

What has the USA done to prevent immigration from Mexico?

built walls, placed CCTV, have drones with cameras to track movement across the border, remote surveillance equipment, use citizens who live nearby to inform police

What is the name of the desert between Mexico and the USA?

The Sonoran Desert

Why are the border walls in the USA not working?

They have gaps and don’t cover the whole border

From where to where in Brazil to a lot of people move?

The North-east to Rio

What are push factors from the North East of Brazil?

Hot, dry climate, lack of raw materials, diseases (malaria), farming is difficult due to poor, thin soils and scrub and thorn bushes as the only vegetation, the government isn’t interested in this area so education and healthcare are overlooked, food shortages

What are the pull factors to Rio in Brazil?

higher wages, family that already lives there, government provides land where water, sewage and electricity are already available, government allows people to improve their living conditions in shantytowns, there is consistent water, safety from diseases such as malaria

What are the reasons to not move to Rio?

shantytowns are illegal so people can be evicted, with little education/training it is difficult to get a job

What is the illiteracy rate of Northeastern Brazil?

24.9%

What is the illiteracy rate of Southeastern Brazil (where Rio is located)?

7%

What is the GDP per capita of Northeastern Brazil?

$14,329.13

What is the GDP per capita of Rio de Janeiro?

$18,432

What is the HDI of Rio de Janeiro?

0.809

What is the HDI of Northeastern Brazil?

0.683

What is the unemployment rate of Northeastern Brazil?

14.7%

What is the unemployment rate of Rio de Janeiro?

11.6%

What are potential issues that could arrive if lots of people decided to move to Northeastern Brazil to Rio de Janeiro?

House prices in the city will rise driving people with lower wages out, house prices in the country will drop maybe making people move back, many farms won’t have enough workers so there could be food shortages, higher crime rate in the city

What is PPP?

purchasing power parity, makes money the same value

What are potential push factors?

war, racial discrimination, unemployment, forced labour, natural disasters, poverty, starvation, overpopulation, lack of basic services, religious persecution, political persecution

What were the exceptions to the One Child Policy?

if your first child was mentally/physically disables, if your first child was a girl, if you were a minority (e.g. Tibetan)

What were the potential punishments if you had more than one child under the One Child Policy?

high social compensation fines, blocked from promotions at work, 20% pay cut, loss of access to benefits, eviction, loss of a government job, child wouldn’t have a hukou (didn’t legally exist so no access to social security)

What are the pros of the One Child Policy?

succeeded at reducing population growth, allowed for growth of the Chinese economy, led to development in China

What are the cons of the One Child Policy?

gender imbalance (100 girls : 118 boys), 40% of girls adopted abroad were Chinese, too many men for women, pressure on women to marry, lots of spoilt children (‘Little Emperor Syndrome’), 1 person supporting parents and grandparents (‘4-2-1 problem’)

What percentage of girls adopted abroad were Chinese during the One Child Policy?

40%