Studied by 3 people
What are potential pull factors?
better climate, better housing, better healthcare, better education, improved prospects, to be with friends/family, entertainment, employment, higher wages, safer, cleaner, better lifestyle
What is the current population of Earth?
8 billion
What is birth rate?
The number of live births per 1000 people per year in a given area
What is death rate?
The number of deaths per 1000 people per year in a given area
What is fertility rate?
The average number of children a woman has
What is population density?
The population per square kilometre
What are causes of overpopulation in Bangladesh?
Lack of education, polygamy, early marriage, lack of family planning
What is the birth rate in Bangladesh?
2 births per 1000 people per year
What are the effects of overpopulation in Bangladesh?
Shortage of food and water, traffic congestion, high crime rates, poor education, poor healthcare, deforestation, poor housing
What are the causes of underpopulation in Australia?
Dry, hot climate, inaccessible, lack of infrastructure
What is the birth rate in Australia?
1.6 births per 1000 people per year
What are the effects of underpopulation in Australia?
Labour shortage, less innovation and development, need to attract immigrants, difficulties to defend the country
What is overpopulation?
When there are not enough resources for the inhabitants in an area
What is underpopulation?
When there are more resources than the inhabitants can use in an area and it could support more people
Which continent has the youngest population on average?
Africa
What is the fertility rate in the Gambia?
4.78 births per woman
What was the birth rate for the Gambia in 2022?
37 births per 1000 people
What are issues caused by a youthful population?
Resources focused on education and healthcare, bad economy as most of the population doesn’t work, potential for an ageing population later on
What are solutions to a youthful population?
anti-natal policy, education, increased family planning, further development
Which country has the oldest people on average?
Japan
How many people are reported to be over the age of 100 in Japan?
1 million
What was the fertility rate in Japan in 2020?
1.34 births per woman
What is the birth rate for Japan in 2023?
7 births per 1000 people
What are issues caused by an ageing population?
Healthcare systems under a lot of pressure, public pensions under pressure, poverty amongst the elderly
What are solutions for an ageing population?
Technological advancements, increase taxation, pro-natal policies, raise retirement age, encourage immigration.
What is the population of Australia?
25 million
What is the population density of Australia?
3.42 people per square kilometre
What is the population of Bangladesh?
172 million
What is the population density of Bangladesh?
1328.62 people per square kilometre
What is the literacy rate of Bangladesh?
74.91%
What is the GDP per capita of Bangladesh?
$2000 GDP per capita per year
What is the death rate of Bangladesh?
6 people per 1000 people per year
What is the unemployment rate of Bangladesh?
5.3%
What is the birth rate in France?
11 per 1000 people per year
What is the death rate in France?
9.9 per 1000 people per year
What is the fertility rate in France?
1.88
What is the growth rate in France?
1.5%
What is the life expectancy in France?
82.72
What is the infant mortality rate in France?
3.8
What is infant mortality rate?
The number of children dying at birth or before their first birthday per 1000 children per year
What is the birth rate in Sierra Leone?
32 per 1000 people per year
What is the death rate in Sierra Leone?
11.51 per 1000 people per year
What is the fertility rate in Sierra Leone?
4.26
What is the growth rate in Sierra Leone?
5.5%
What is the infant mortality rate in Sierra Leone?
80.9
What is the life expectancy in Sierra Leone?
54.31
Which age group are young dependents?
0-14
Which age group are old dependents?
65+
Which age group are economically active?
15-64
When was the One Child Policy introduced?
1st January 1979
What was the name of the anti-natalist policy in China?
The One Child Policy
How many births is the One Child Policy thought to have prevented?
400 million
How many Chinese men have no partners?
24 million
What was the fertility rate in China in 1970?
5.7
When did the One Child Policy end?
2016
What was the gender ratio in China due to the One Child Policy?
118 boys to 100 girls
Since the year 2000, how many Mexican migrants have entered the USA each year?
850,000 per year
How many illegal Mexican migrants are there in the USA?
12 million
Why are migrants attracted to the USA?
High salaries, employment opportunities, better quality of life
What do Mexican migrants send back home to Mexico?
remittances / money
What is the fertility rate in Mexico?
2.1
What is the fertility rate in the USA?
1.7
What is the life expectancy in Mexico?
75.05
What is the life expectancy in the USA?
78.79
What is the GDP PPP per capita in Mexico?
$8,346.70
What is the GDP PPP per capita in the USA?
$63,543.58
What is the homicide rate in Mexico?
29.1
What is the homicide rate in the USA?
5
What are push factors from Mexico?
high murder rate, higher unemployment rate, climate/natural hazards, high poverty rates
What is the unemployment rate in Mexico?
4.71%
What is the unemployment rate in the USA?
4.60%
What are pull factors to the USA?
better healthcare thus higher life expectancy, higher GDP per capita, lower poverty rates, academic opportunities, lower homicide rate
What are the social positives to mass migration from Mexico to the USA?
Increase in diversity in American life and especially schools, Spanish is taught in American schools
What are the social negatives to mass migration from Mexico to the USA?
Many Mexicans don’t speak English when they arrive so struggle to assimilate, increase in crime in the USA, reduced birth rates in Mexico, Mexicans face discrimination in the USA, Mexico has an ageing population because all the economically active individuals are leaving so its economy isn’t good
What are the economic positives to mass migration from Mexico to the USA?
Jobs Americans don’t want are filled by Mexicans, even low-paying jobs are filled so American life is smoother, immigrants send remittances (money) back home to Mexico which boosts its economy
What are the economic negatives to mass migration from Mexico to the USA?
Americans think that jobs have been stolen from them, increase in poverty in the USA due to Americans being forced to take low-paying jobs as the immigrants have taken all the other ones which means the government has to spend money on that instead of solving other issues involving defense, healthcare or education, few jobs left over, higher unemployment rates
What has the USA done to prevent immigration from Mexico?
built walls, placed CCTV, have drones with cameras to track movement across the border, remote surveillance equipment, use citizens who live nearby to inform police
What is the name of the desert between Mexico and the USA?
The Sonoran Desert
Why are the border walls in the USA not working?
They have gaps and don’t cover the whole border
From where to where in Brazil to a lot of people move?
The North-east to Rio
What are push factors from the North East of Brazil?
Hot, dry climate, lack of raw materials, diseases (malaria), farming is difficult due to poor, thin soils and scrub and thorn bushes as the only vegetation, the government isn’t interested in this area so education and healthcare are overlooked, food shortages
What are the pull factors to Rio in Brazil?
higher wages, family that already lives there, government provides land where water, sewage and electricity are already available, government allows people to improve their living conditions in shantytowns, there is consistent water, safety from diseases such as malaria
What are the reasons to not move to Rio?
shantytowns are illegal so people can be evicted, with little education/training it is difficult to get a job
What is the illiteracy rate of Northeastern Brazil?
24.9%
What is the illiteracy rate of Southeastern Brazil (where Rio is located)?
7%
What is the GDP per capita of Northeastern Brazil?
$14,329.13
What is the GDP per capita of Rio de Janeiro?
$18,432
What is the HDI of Rio de Janeiro?
0.809
What is the HDI of Northeastern Brazil?
0.683
What is the unemployment rate of Northeastern Brazil?
14.7%
What is the unemployment rate of Rio de Janeiro?
11.6%
What are potential issues that could arrive if lots of people decided to move to Northeastern Brazil to Rio de Janeiro?
House prices in the city will rise driving people with lower wages out, house prices in the country will drop maybe making people move back, many farms won’t have enough workers so there could be food shortages, higher crime rate in the city
What is PPP?
purchasing power parity, makes money the same value
What are potential push factors?
war, racial discrimination, unemployment, forced labour, natural disasters, poverty, starvation, overpopulation, lack of basic services, religious persecution, political persecution
What were the exceptions to the One Child Policy?
if your first child was mentally/physically disables, if your first child was a girl, if you were a minority (e.g. Tibetan)
What were the potential punishments if you had more than one child under the One Child Policy?
high social compensation fines, blocked from promotions at work, 20% pay cut, loss of access to benefits, eviction, loss of a government job, child wouldn’t have a hukou (didn’t legally exist so no access to social security)
What are the pros of the One Child Policy?
succeeded at reducing population growth, allowed for growth of the Chinese economy, led to development in China
What are the cons of the One Child Policy?
gender imbalance (100 girls : 118 boys), 40% of girls adopted abroad were Chinese, too many men for women, pressure on women to marry, lots of spoilt children (‘Little Emperor Syndrome’), 1 person supporting parents and grandparents (‘4-2-1 problem’)
What percentage of girls adopted abroad were Chinese during the One Child Policy?
40%
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