Land of Hope Chapter 2

What led to the Protestant Reformation?

Death-dealing plagues, intrachurch quarrels, secular and national sentiments, an increase in literacy.

What was at the root of the issue with the Roman Catholic Church?

There was an anger at the worldly grandeur, wealth, and power of the Catholic Church, especially given the meekness and humility discussed in the Bible (increased literacy revealed that).

German monk, wrote the 95 Theses due to his irritation with the Church's selling of indulgences

Martin Luther

Main Points of Martin Luther

Justification by faith alone (not works), the Church is fradulent in all its positions (not Biblical), and there was no need for a Pope or confessions. Man could read the Bible and have a relationship with Christ on his own.

Lutheranism swept through Germany, forming religious radical sects called…

Anabaptists

French lawyer, author of "Institutes of the Christian Religion" in 1536

John Calvin

Differences between Calvin and Luther

Calvin's teachings spread all over Europe, including the British Isles, Luther focused on the German-speaking world and northern Europe. Calvin focused on predestination, with the church as a community closer to the laity (Jesus). Luther focused on faith alone.

Predestination

God's omnipotence and omniscience meant that God had willed from all eternity those who would be saved, the elect, and those who would be damned.

Indulgences

Grants of remission understood to ease the path through the afterlife for one's deceased relatives.

Where was Calvin's prototypical community located?

Geneva, Switzerland

Later in America, what were reform-minded Calvinists called?

Puritans

During the Reformation, who was the strongest supporter for orthodox Catholicism, who Pope Leo X bestowed the title of "Defender of the Faith?"

King Henry VIII of England

King Henry VIII was married to who? What was wrong with her?

Catherine of Aragon could not produce a male hier, so Henry asked for an annulment from the Pope Clement VII

Why did King Henry VIII break from the Catholic Church?

Pope Clement VII refused the request to marry a second wife, Anne Boleyn bc it would reduce papal authority and it would offend Emperor Charles V.

King Henry VIII was succeeded by Catherine's daughter, who?

Mary, who attempted to reinstate Catholicism, which did not work.

Queen Mary was succeeded by who?

Queen Elizabeth, Henry's daughter. She managed stability within England, calling Anglicanism the state religion, but allowed for all varieties of Anglicanism to be practiced.

While England managed internal conflicts and near-conflicts with France, who rose to the throne of colonialism in the New World?

Spain

Motives for Spanish exploration

Passionate religious conviction of Catholic missionaries, naked materialism.

What led to the reduction of indigenous peoples after Spanish cruelty?

Epidemic of Old World diseases (smallpox, measles, malaria); Columbian Exchange

How did France get involved with the New World in 1520s?

French privateers raided Spanish treasure ships returning from colonies. Dutch and English started this too.

What caused the Spanish Armada in 1588?

The disruptive effects of raiding Spanish ships and Elizabeth's execution of Mary, her arch-Catholic relation (Queen of Scots).

How did England win the Spanish Armada?

Brilliant strategists, maneuverable vessels, superior seamanship, and Protestant wind that swept the Spanish fleet out into the North sea.

What were the differences between France/Spain and England?

F/S embraced absolutism, England embraced Parliament, fundamental rights/common law. F/S colonized for treasure and wealth, England colonized to transplant the English way of life to the New World. English colonization was a haphazard collection of uncoordinated private undertakings.

absolutism

Greater and greater centralization of power in the hands of a single sovereign whose royal prerogative was grounded in divine right.

Which English colony came first?

Jamestown in Virginia in 1607, founded by the Virginia joint-stock company. All men, ill-equipped, half died in the first winter. Ended up being a royal colony.

Joint-stock company

A company where stockholders pooled their capital resources, maximizing their assets while minimizing potential liabilities.

What saved Jamestown from complete collapse?

Tobacco, steady cash crop.

Nathaniel Bacon's Rebellion in 1676

Pitted wealthiest planters against the less advantaged people of the colony over an anti-expansionist Indian policy that stopped access to land on the western frontier.

Plymouth Plantation in 1620

Small group of Separatists who abandoned the Church of England altogether as a hopelessly corrupted body. Came over on the Mayflower near Cape Cod and signed the Mayflower Compact, creating a social contract. The emotions of this dangerous adventure were expressed in writing by William Bradford.

Massachusetts Bay in 1630

Founded by the MB Company, led by John Winthrop who delivered the sermon, "A Modell of Christian Charity." They wanted this community to serve as a renewal for the Old World.

Rhode Island

Roger Williams, who believed that no government had the right to coerce men's consciences in matters of faith, created RI as an asylum for dissenters.

Connecticut

Puritan offshoot of Plymouth and Massachusetts. Connecticut contained the most rigorous Puritan settlement in all of New England.

What were the more diverse colonies in the middle?

New York, Pennsylvania, and Delaware.

Pennslyvania

Founded by William Penn to be a commonwealth of the Quakers.

Quakers

Radical nonconforming religious group, came from the English Civil War, believed in abjuring every aspect of the Catholic church.

Georgia

The last of the continental colonies, 1732, a place for debtors to go and resettle to start their lives anew. Approved by King George II and led by General James Oglethorpe. Oglethorpe saw it as a utopian experiment, but that did not work out (just a regular royal colony).

Carolina

Established in 1663 as a payoff by King Charles II to eight nobles who had helped him regain the throne in 1660.