Biology- Topic 1: Cell Structure

Biogenesis

Biogenesis

development of life from preexisting life

five main requirements of cell survival

energy source, matter, nutrients, removal of waste, favorable environmental conditions

energy source (plant)

Light energy

energy source other organisms

chemical energy - consumption

matter (requirement of survival)

gases: O2 and CO2

nutrient

carbohydrates and complex nutrients

simple carbohydrates

monosaccharides and disaccharides

complex carbohydrates

polysaccharides

complex nutrients

amino acids, fatty acids, water nucleic acids

removal of waste

heat, Co2 and O2, urea

cell types

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

features in common of prokaryotic and eukaryotic

cell membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, ribosomes

prokaryotic cell

A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea.

prokaryotic (diffuson)

rapid and fast because of high SA:V

prokaryotic cell chromosome

have a single chromosome

extra organelle in prokaryotic cells

flagella or pili

Eukrayotic Cells

Cells that have a true nucleus and are made up of all other organisms used to propel themselves forward (can be both multicellular or single cellular)

eukaryotic organelle

complex organelle with specialized membrane to aid in function

Organelle

A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific biochemical process within the cell

Role of organelle membranes

Control the movement of substances between the organelle and the cell's cytosol

organelle membrane concentration

enzymes and reactant specific to organelle function

organelle functions

manufacturing of proteins & protein metabolism for maintenance and growth of cell body

nucleus

A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction; control center of cell activity and protein synthesis

ribosomes

site of protein synthesis

Synthesis

combining parts into a whole

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

An endomembrane system where lipids are synthesized

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

endomembrane system where proteins are synthesized

Golgi apparatus

A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell

Lysosomes

digestion and waste removal

Mitochondrion

Cell organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use

chloroplast

organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy (photosynthesis)

cell wall

A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell

Plastid

group of plant organelles that are used for storage of starches, lipids, or pigments

Vacuole

A sac inside a cell that acts as a storage area

Centrioles

Located near the nucleus and help to organize cell division

Cilium or Flagellum

Motility; movement of substances across cell surface

ribosome location

either attached to the ER or unattached in the cytoplasm

ribosome composition

Protein and RNA

nuceleus composition

double membrane and contains DNA

Rough Endomplasmic Reticulum structure

membrane bound, ribosomes bind to its membrane

lysosome structure

vesicles containing digestive enzymes

mitochondrion strucuture

double membrane, contains DNA

cisternae

flattened membranous sacs filled with fluid

calculation of measuring cells

micrometers/millimeters *100

Magnification formula

Image size/ Actual size (M=I/A)