Biology

Rack stop

Moves the stage side to side or forward and back to get the object into the field of view

Slide

Piece of glass onto which the object to be viewed is placed

Stage

Holds up the slide for viewing

Coarse focus

Raises and lowers the stage for focusing under low power

Condenser

Adjusts the amount of light entering the field of view

Illuminator

Source of light

Fine focus

Slightly moves the stage to sharpen the image

Iris diaphram

Turns the illumination on or off

Base

Supports the microscope

Compound microscope

Image produced by light passing through the specimen

3 types of microscopes

Compound microscope, transmission electron microscope, scanning electron microscope

Microscopes purpose

Magnify objects, main benefit is resolution or ability to see detail

Robert Hooke

Built one of the first compound light microscope

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

The first to see and describe bacteria, yeast , life in a drop of water

Zaccharias and Hans Janssen

Founders of the compound microscope

Egyptians

Created glass

Endoplasmic reticulum

A network of sac-like structures and tubes in the cytoplasm, acts like a transportation device throughout the cytoplasm

Lysosome

Help break down or digest certain materials in the cell, only in animal cells

Microtubule

Help support the shape of the cell

Centriole

Play a part in arranging the microtubules that make up the skeletal framework of the cell, they aid in pinpointing where the cells nucleus and other organelles are located

Nuclear pore

Regulate the passage of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

Nuclear envelope

Protects the cells genetic material from the chemical reactions that take place outside of the nucleus

Cell wall

The firm non-living layer that encloses and supports the cells of most plants

Cell membrane

A barrier keeping the constituents of the cell in, and unwanted substances out and to be a gate allowing transport into the cell of essential nutrients

Ribosomes

Very very small snowman shaped organelles, responsible for protein synthesis/production

Vacuole

A hollow organelle that stores water, nutrients, waste

Used for storage within the cell

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell, produces ATP, site of cellular respiration

Cytoplasm

Gel like substance inside the cell, dissolves nutrients throughout the cell, suspends organelles

Nucleoplasm

Jelly like fluid, medium supporting the contents of the nucleus

Chromatin

Term used to represent the mass of stringy, entangled, chromosomes observed during interphase

Chromosomes

DNA is organized with proteins into multiple, linear chromosomes

Nucleolus

Dark spot inside the nucleus, produces RNA and ribosomes, is involved in protein synthesis

Cell

The smallest functional unit of like, all living things are composed of cells

Nucleus

Large dark round spot inside plant and animal cells, controls the daily activities of the cell, brain of the cell

Plant vs. animal cells

Only plant cells contain chloroplasts, plant cells contain a large central vacuole, only plant cells have a cell wall, only animal cells contain lysosomes, animal cells have centrioles

2 types of eukaryotic cells

Plant, animal

Prokaryotic cells

No organized nucleus, chromosome may be in circular shape called a plasmid, no organelles except for ribosomes, smaller than eukaryotic cells, oldest known form of life

2 types of cells

Prokaryotic, eukaryotic

Development of cell theory

1590 - compound microscope invented

1665 - Robert Hooke noticed structures while viewing slices of cork cells

1700 - Anton van Leeuwenhoek observes living cells with a microscope

1700+ - more structures identified as technology gets better

Cell theory

All organisms are composed of one or more cells, the cell is the smallest functional unit of life, all cells are produced from other cells

Characteristics of living things

Reproduce, need energy, produce waste, grow and develop, respond and adapt to their environment

Recognition proteins

Protein molecules protruding from cells that allow communication between cells

Receptor proteins

Specialized molecules on the surface of the cell to which messenger molecules from other cells can bind

Spontaneous generation

The idea that life could emerge spontaneously from non-living matter

Gavitropism

Plant response to the force of gravity, uses auxins

Auxins

Plant hormone that regulates the amount, type, direction of plant growth

Phototropism

Growth of plants towards a light source

More light = more photosynthesis = more plant growth

Determination of tropisms growth direction

Direction from which the stimulus strikes the plant

Tropism

Plant response to a stimulus

Stimuli

Environmental factors that induce a response from an organism, bee flies to flowers

Xylem sap

Accumulation of water and minerals in the root xylem

How single celled organisms transport materials

By streaming (moving) the cytoplasm

Factors that impact transpiration

Light, temperature, humidity

Turgor pressure

High pressure inside the cell

High rates of photosynthesis are possible

When stomata are open

Lenticels

Lens shaped openings perforating the bark and allowing gas exchange between the bark and living cells

How CO^2 goes through a leaf

Goes through the stomata where gases diffuse through the cell membrane, oxygen then diffuses out of cells

Leaf

Most important gas exchange organ

Formula for photosynthesis

6CO^2 (g) + 6H^2O (l) + light energy > C^6H^12O^6 (s) + 6O^2 (g)

Cellular respiration

Consume oxygen and produce CO^2 and H^2O

Formula for cellular respiration

C^6H^12)^6 (s) + 6O^2 (g) > 6CO^2 (g) + 6H^2O (l) + energy

3 advantaged of multi-cellular organisms

A larger size, a variety of specialized cells, an ability to thrive in a broader range of environments

System

A combination of organs and tissues that perform a shared complex function, respiratory, nervous

Organ

Combination of various types of tissue that work together to perform a specific function, heart, lungs, liver

Tissues

A cluster of similar cells, that share the same structure and function, skin, muscle

Palisade tissue efficiency

Close to the upper layer for max sun exposure, packed full of chloroplasts

Palisade tissue

Long narrow columns packed closely together

Vascular bundle

Arranges the xylem and phloem

Phloem

Carries sugars produced by leaves to other parts of the plant

Xylem

Carries water and mineral from roots to leaves

2 kinds of vascular tissue

Xylem, phloem

Vascular tissue

Forms of series of tubes that transport fluids

Guard cells

Opening and closing of stomata, allows gas exchange between external and interior photosynthesis cells

Epidermal cells

Upper and lower epidermal cells are tightly interlocked to prevent physical damage or penetration by pathogens, 1 layer thick, waxy cuticle

Photosynthesis

A biochemical process powered by light energy on which carbon dioxide from the air and water from the soil are combined to make glucose and oxygen

Reverse osmosis

Process used to purify water in which water is filtered through an artificial membrane containing very fine pores

Phagocytosis

Cell eating, endocytosis of solids

Exocytosis

Large molecules within the cell are transported to the external environment, transport of material out of the cell

Pinocytosis

Cells absorb liquid particles, endocytosis of liquids

2 types of endocytosis

Phagocytosis, pinocytosis

Endocytosis

Cells engulf large particles by extending their cytoplasm around the particle

Active transport

Transported from an area of low concentration to an area of high, against concentration gradients

Hypertonic

Contain a high concentration of solute, cell will shrivel

Isotonic

Contains the same concentration

Hypotonic

Contains low concentration of solute relative to another solution, cell will swell

Dialysis membrane

Membrane that allows the movement of molecules based on size

Solvent

Substance that dissolves solute

Solute

Molecules that are dissolved in a solvent

Osmosis

The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high concentration to low

Channel proteins

Forms tunnel pores in the cell membrane, allowing electrically charged ions in and out of the cell

Carrier proteins

Changes shape to allow certain molecules across the cell membrane

Transport proteins

Membrane proteins that help move materials across the cell membrane

Facilitated diffusion

Uses transport proteins to aid, assist, or facilitate the diffusion of particles across the cell membrane

Impacts the rate of diffusion

Concentration gradient, temperature, particle size

Concentration gradient

If the molecules are not distributed evenly there is a difference in concentration

Equilibrium

Equal amounts of certain molecules on each side

Diffusion

Random movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration

2 types of passive transport

Diffusion, osmosis

Active transport

Cell spends energy (ATP)

Passive transport

Cell does not spend energy (ATP)