Rack stop
Moves the stage side to side or forward and back to get the object into the field of view
Slide
Piece of glass onto which the object to be viewed is placed
Stage
Holds up the slide for viewing
Coarse focus
Raises and lowers the stage for focusing under low power
Condenser
Adjusts the amount of light entering the field of view
Illuminator
Source of light
Fine focus
Slightly moves the stage to sharpen the image
Iris diaphram
Turns the illumination on or off
Base
Supports the microscope
Compound microscope
Image produced by light passing through the specimen
3 types of microscopes
Compound microscope, transmission electron microscope, scanning electron microscope
Microscopes purpose
Magnify objects, main benefit is resolution or ability to see detail
Robert Hooke
Built one of the first compound light microscope
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
The first to see and describe bacteria, yeast , life in a drop of water
Zaccharias and Hans Janssen
Founders of the compound microscope
Egyptians
Created glass
Endoplasmic reticulum
A network of sac-like structures and tubes in the cytoplasm, acts like a transportation device throughout the cytoplasm
Lysosome
Help break down or digest certain materials in the cell, only in animal cells
Microtubule
Help support the shape of the cell
Centriole
Play a part in arranging the microtubules that make up the skeletal framework of the cell, they aid in pinpointing where the cells nucleus and other organelles are located
Nuclear pore
Regulate the passage of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm
Nuclear envelope
Protects the cells genetic material from the chemical reactions that take place outside of the nucleus
Cell wall
The firm non-living layer that encloses and supports the cells of most plants
Cell membrane
A barrier keeping the constituents of the cell in, and unwanted substances out and to be a gate allowing transport into the cell of essential nutrients
Ribosomes
Very very small snowman shaped organelles, responsible for protein synthesis/production
Vacuole
A hollow organelle that stores water, nutrients, waste
Used for storage within the cell
Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell, produces ATP, site of cellular respiration
Cytoplasm
Gel like substance inside the cell, dissolves nutrients throughout the cell, suspends organelles
Nucleoplasm
Jelly like fluid, medium supporting the contents of the nucleus
Chromatin
Term used to represent the mass of stringy, entangled, chromosomes observed during interphase
Chromosomes
DNA is organized with proteins into multiple, linear chromosomes
Nucleolus
Dark spot inside the nucleus, produces RNA and ribosomes, is involved in protein synthesis
Cell
The smallest functional unit of like, all living things are composed of cells
Nucleus
Large dark round spot inside plant and animal cells, controls the daily activities of the cell, brain of the cell
Plant vs. animal cells
Only plant cells contain chloroplasts, plant cells contain a large central vacuole, only plant cells have a cell wall, only animal cells contain lysosomes, animal cells have centrioles
2 types of eukaryotic cells
Plant, animal
Prokaryotic cells
No organized nucleus, chromosome may be in circular shape called a plasmid, no organelles except for ribosomes, smaller than eukaryotic cells, oldest known form of life
2 types of cells
Prokaryotic, eukaryotic
Development of cell theory
1590 - compound microscope invented
1665 - Robert Hooke noticed structures while viewing slices of cork cells
1700 - Anton van Leeuwenhoek observes living cells with a microscope
1700+ - more structures identified as technology gets better
Cell theory
All organisms are composed of one or more cells, the cell is the smallest functional unit of life, all cells are produced from other cells
Characteristics of living things
Reproduce, need energy, produce waste, grow and develop, respond and adapt to their environment
Recognition proteins
Protein molecules protruding from cells that allow communication between cells
Receptor proteins
Specialized molecules on the surface of the cell to which messenger molecules from other cells can bind
Spontaneous generation
The idea that life could emerge spontaneously from non-living matter
Gavitropism
Plant response to the force of gravity, uses auxins
Auxins
Plant hormone that regulates the amount, type, direction of plant growth
Phototropism
Growth of plants towards a light source
More light = more photosynthesis = more plant growth
Determination of tropisms growth direction
Direction from which the stimulus strikes the plant
Tropism
Plant response to a stimulus
Stimuli
Environmental factors that induce a response from an organism, bee flies to flowers
Xylem sap
Accumulation of water and minerals in the root xylem
How single celled organisms transport materials
By streaming (moving) the cytoplasm
Factors that impact transpiration
Light, temperature, humidity
Turgor pressure
High pressure inside the cell
High rates of photosynthesis are possible
When stomata are open
Lenticels
Lens shaped openings perforating the bark and allowing gas exchange between the bark and living cells
How CO^2 goes through a leaf
Goes through the stomata where gases diffuse through the cell membrane, oxygen then diffuses out of cells
Leaf
Most important gas exchange organ
Formula for photosynthesis
6CO^2 (g) + 6H^2O (l) + light energy > C^6H^12O^6 (s) + 6O^2 (g)
Cellular respiration
Consume oxygen and produce CO^2 and H^2O
Formula for cellular respiration
C^6H^12)^6 (s) + 6O^2 (g) > 6CO^2 (g) + 6H^2O (l) + energy
3 advantaged of multi-cellular organisms
A larger size, a variety of specialized cells, an ability to thrive in a broader range of environments
System
A combination of organs and tissues that perform a shared complex function, respiratory, nervous
Organ
Combination of various types of tissue that work together to perform a specific function, heart, lungs, liver
Tissues
A cluster of similar cells, that share the same structure and function, skin, muscle
Palisade tissue efficiency
Close to the upper layer for max sun exposure, packed full of chloroplasts
Palisade tissue
Long narrow columns packed closely together
Vascular bundle
Arranges the xylem and phloem
Phloem
Carries sugars produced by leaves to other parts of the plant
Xylem
Carries water and mineral from roots to leaves
2 kinds of vascular tissue
Xylem, phloem
Vascular tissue
Forms of series of tubes that transport fluids
Guard cells
Opening and closing of stomata, allows gas exchange between external and interior photosynthesis cells
Epidermal cells
Upper and lower epidermal cells are tightly interlocked to prevent physical damage or penetration by pathogens, 1 layer thick, waxy cuticle
Photosynthesis
A biochemical process powered by light energy on which carbon dioxide from the air and water from the soil are combined to make glucose and oxygen
Reverse osmosis
Process used to purify water in which water is filtered through an artificial membrane containing very fine pores
Phagocytosis
Cell eating, endocytosis of solids
Exocytosis
Large molecules within the cell are transported to the external environment, transport of material out of the cell
Pinocytosis
Cells absorb liquid particles, endocytosis of liquids
2 types of endocytosis
Phagocytosis, pinocytosis
Endocytosis
Cells engulf large particles by extending their cytoplasm around the particle
Active transport
Transported from an area of low concentration to an area of high, against concentration gradients
Hypertonic
Contain a high concentration of solute, cell will shrivel
Isotonic
Contains the same concentration
Hypotonic
Contains low concentration of solute relative to another solution, cell will swell
Dialysis membrane
Membrane that allows the movement of molecules based on size
Solvent
Substance that dissolves solute
Solute
Molecules that are dissolved in a solvent
Osmosis
The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high concentration to low
Channel proteins
Forms tunnel pores in the cell membrane, allowing electrically charged ions in and out of the cell
Carrier proteins
Changes shape to allow certain molecules across the cell membrane
Transport proteins
Membrane proteins that help move materials across the cell membrane
Facilitated diffusion
Uses transport proteins to aid, assist, or facilitate the diffusion of particles across the cell membrane
Impacts the rate of diffusion
Concentration gradient, temperature, particle size
Concentration gradient
If the molecules are not distributed evenly there is a difference in concentration
Equilibrium
Equal amounts of certain molecules on each side
Diffusion
Random movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration
2 types of passive transport
Diffusion, osmosis
Active transport
Cell spends energy (ATP)
Passive transport
Cell does not spend energy (ATP)