Historical Development of Science and Technology in the Field of Architecture, Agriculture, Construction, Communication and Transportation

Quiz-style flashcards covering key concepts from the provided lecture notes on science, technology, and ancient civilizations.

What is the etymology of 'Science' in the notes?

From the Latin 'scientia' and it is described as systematic and organized knowledge that investigates nature, as well as a process of diverse events shaped by social forces and historical change.

How is Science described as an activity in the notes?

An organized and dynamic inquiry by humans that leads to the formation of concepts, methods, principles, theories, laws, and procedures to describe and explain nature and its phenomena.

Chemistry is the science of what?

Chemical composition and their changes.

Biology is the science of what?

Living things (with three main branches).

Physics is the science of what?

Energy and transformation.

What is Technology as defined in the notes?

The systematic treatment of art; a system of skills, techniques, processes, and products of the scientific concept; a complex combination of knowledge, materials, and methods with organization and manipulation of materials for humanity’s useful purpose.

What is Society as defined in the notes?

An ethnic or racial network based on gender or due to shared beliefs, values, and activities; people that interact to share a common culture (in a particular location).

What is the relationship among Science, Technology, and Society?

Science, Technology, and Society is an interdisciplinary study of science and technology with society and culture.

Name some ancient civilizations listed in the notes.

Sumerian, Babylonian, Egyptian, Greek, Roman, Chinese.

When did the Sumerian civilization emerge and where?

Around 3500 BC in the southernmost region of Mesopotamia.

What irrigation method did the Sumerians create?

They built dikes and canals to control flooding.

What construction material did the Sumerians use for large structures?

Sun-dried bricks made of clay.

What key Sumerian inventions improved trade and farming?

The wheel, sail, and plow.

What writing system did the Sumerians develop?

Cuneiform.

What number system did the Sumerians use?

Sexagesimal number system (base 60).

Bronze is forged from which two elements?

Copper and tin.

The Sumerians introduced a calendar of how many days?

360-day calendar.

What is the timeframe given for the Babylonian Civilization?

3500–500 BC.

How many celestial bodies did the Babylonians identify as planets?

Seven.

Which river sustained ancient Egypt's agriculture?

The Nile River.

What notable Egyptian monuments are mentioned in the notes?

The Great Sphinx of Giza and the Great Pyramid.

What are the key features of the Egyptian calendar?

365-day cycle; 12 months of 30 days; 3 seasons; 5 epagomenal days.

What writing material is associated with ancient Egypt?

Papyrus.

What is hieroglyphics?

Ancient Egyptian writing system.

When did Greek civilization flourish according to the notes?

Around 1100 BC.

Name some of the Great Greek philosophers listed.

Socrates, Thales, Hippocrates, Archimedes, Aristotle, Ptolemy.

What is the timeframe of the Roman Civilization as given?

102–44 BC.

What are the Roman numerals for 1 to 10?

I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X.

What are some key Chinese innovations mentioned?

Silk, tea (Camellia sinensis), acupuncture, gunpowder.

What are the components of gunpowder?

Charcoal, sulfur, and potassium nitrate (KNO3).

What is the Great Wall of China noted for?

A famous monumental structure built in ancient China.

Name two classic Chinese products mentioned in the notes.

Silk and tea.

What is the Great Sphinx's approximate size description provided?

A colossal limestone statue about 240 feet long (73 meters) and 66 feet high (20 meters).

What is the Technosphere?

The part of the Earth that comprises all the structures humans have constructed to keep them alive on the planet.

What are the Earth spheres listed in the notes?

Geosphere, Biosphere, Hydrosphere, Atmosphere.

What does the Egyptian calendar include in terms of days?

A 365-day cycle with 12 months of 30 days each, 3 seasons, and 5 epagomenal days.

What is Papyrus used for in ancient Egypt?

A writing material used for manuscripts.