Bio21 exam 2

nervous system

system that resembles a freeway of nerve impulses

central nervous system

main hub that's the brain and spinal cord; coordinates voluntary and involuntary responses and integrates info

peripheral nervous system

uses inward and outward neurons from the CNS in order to communicate; nerves branching from CNS and subdivided on the basis of function

somatic nervous system

skeletal muscles; concious control of skeletal muscle and spinal reflexes

spinal reflex

involuntary; mediated mainly by spinal cord and nerves w little or no involvement w the brain

autonomic nervous system

controls automatic functions of the body

parasympathetic nervous system

restful conditions= releases acetylcholine to relax body, opposes sympathetic division

sympathetic nervous system

prepares you for stress, fight or flight response= releases norepinephrine for flight or flight, opposes parasympathetic division

neurons

communication cells of the nervous system: functional unit, carry sensory and response info

neuroglia

cells that support and protect neurons for nutrient flow, waste removal and electrical insulation

action potential

a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon and neurotransmitters in vesticles are released to the next dendrite to carry the impulse

sensory neurons

neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors TO the brain and spinal cord from sensory receptors

motor neurons

neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands (AWAY)

Interneurons

located between sensory and motor neurons within the CNS where they integrate and interpret sensory signals

Sensory

______ receptors detect changes in the environment and triggers sensory neurons

interneurons

_________ recieves input from sensory neurons and interprets that info and sends it to motor neurons

multiple sclerosis

myelin sheath destruction. disruptions in nerve impulse conduction that causes a loss of insulation

brainstem

coordinates basic, automatic vital functions

medulla oblongata

Part of the brainstem that controls vital life-sustaining functions such as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion.

pons

part of the brain that controls respiration, apneustic center (keeps you breathing), pneumotaxic center (won't over-inflate lungs)

cerebellum

A large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills., muscles, movement, balance center

midbrain

relays visual and auditory sensory inputs from the eyes and ears to higher brain centers. controls circadian rhythm (wake and sleep schedules)

forebrain

coordinates muscles related to vision and hearing; visual and auditory startle reflexes

hindbrain

brain division

thalamus

relay station in and out, links limbic system

Hypothalamus

secretes hormones, regulates homeostasis (thirst, hunger, and sex)

cerebrum

receives and integrates information concerning emotions and conscious thoughts

limbic system

group of structures that help produce emotions and memory (thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus and amygdala)

Hippocampus

retention of long term memory

amygdala

links sensory memories to emotional states

cerebral cortex

controls higher functions that divide by function

parietal lobe

interprets sensory information from the skin

frontal lobe

initiates motor activity, responsible for speech and conscious thought

occipital lobe

processes visual information

temporal lobe

interprets auditory info, comprehends language and judgements

pupil

allows light to enter the eye and reach internist layer (retina) which has photoreceptors called rods and cones

sclera

covers and protects eye

iris

regulates amount of light entering the eye

cornea

bends incoming light and focuses it

lens

fine focusing of light

retina

converts light signals to electric signals - rods and cones

rods

sensitive to light and dark (no color) , detect shape and movement, one type of light sensitive pigment

cones

sensitive to color, good in bright light only, fine detail. sensitive pigment includes light in shades of red green and blue

optic nerve

transmits impulses from retina to brain

visual problems

caused by discrepancies in the lens or shape of the eye

split brain patients

corpus collosum is severed, two hemispheres of the brain don't communicate as effectively. images from left visual field are sent to the right side of the brain and vice versa

right brain

synthesis, visual motor tasks

left brain

analysis, language and speech

cardiovascular system

removes waste, transports essential nutrients to all cells in body, protects the body -> transport immunity cells (blood, blood vessel and the heart)

cardiovascular system regulates

temperature, pH balance, water and electrolyte cells

main component of cardiovascular system

blood and heart

composition of blood

plasma (55%), buffy coat (white blood cells and platelets), red blood cells (45%)

composition of plasma

90-92% water, 7-8% of plasma proteins; other: salts, gases, nutrients, nitrogenous waste

stem cells

master cells in the body that can generate specialized cells located in the bone marrow

red blood cells

made in red bone marrow and transports oxygen and carbon dioxide

hemoglobin

in red blood cells; helps carry oxygen throughout the body

kidney

what organ monitors oxygen availability? if it's low it stimulates the stem cells in red bone marrow

carbon monoxide poisoning

poisoning that's found in car exhaust and is poisonous as it binds to hemoglobin (blocks oxygen so you can't breathe)

white blood cells

from red bone marrow and splits into 5 types. important for defense

neutrophils

granular leukocytes that are the most abundant white blood cells. first to fight infection from bacteria and some fungi

eosinophils

granular leukocytes that make up 2-4% of WBC. defensive against parasites (pathogens) and releases chemicals to reduce allergic reactions

Basophils

granular leukocytes that are the rarest of WBC. they secrete histamine in response to allergic reactions

lympocytes

agranular and make up 30% of WBC. work in the lymphatic system, reside in tonsils, spleen, lymph nodes, thymus and bloodstream. next level of protection

monocytes

agranular that are the largest WBC and make up 5% of WBC. they turn into macrophages to destroy pathogens and stimulate other WBC to defend body

platelets

located in red bone marrow, this aids in clotting; when you have a cut it activates and goes to that region to stop you from bleeding out

blood vessels

artery, vein, capillary conduct blood in continuous loops

major blood vessels

arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins

capillary

tiny blood vessels that takes part in gas, nutrient and waste exchange. they have slower flows of blood (need time to dumb waste, pick up nutrients etc) and do this due to pores

arteries

Thick-walled, muscular, flexible tubes that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the arterioles.

veins

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart and serve as a reservoir for blood volume

Artia

which chamber does blood first enter from veins into the heart?

pulmonary system

heart to lungs and back

systemic system

heart to body and back

diastole

Relaxation of the heart and is at the beginning of the cardiac cycle. blood enters through both left and right atria

atrial systole

contraction of the atria

ventricular systole

contraction of ventricles

contracts

(cardiac cycle) ______ means there's high blood pressure

relaxes

(cardiac cycle) ______ means low blood pressure

heart attack

blood supply of the heart muscle is severely reduced or stopped, usually by buildup of plaque. muscle cells suffer permanent injury and die

stroke

blocked or burst arteries leading to and within the brain-> deprive the brain of oxygen

oxygen

we breathe in ____ and make ATP

carbon dioxide

we breathe out ____ and make metabolic waste

main function of respiratory system

the exchange of gases with the air; extracts oxygen from air and expels carbon dioxide

breathing

first part of respiration. ______ moves air in and out of the lungs

external respiration

second part of respiration. _____ is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the blood

gas transport

third part of respiration. ______ moves oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the body tissues

internal respiration

fourth part of respiration. _______ the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and the body tissues

upper respiratory tract

(nose, nasal cavity, pharynx ) filters, warms and moistens air

lower respiratory tract

(larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs) hold respiratory tract open, guard lower tract, produces sound/ speech (voice speech), gas exchange

trachea

divides into bronchial tree: bronchi-> bronchioles-> alveolar ducts-> alveolar sacs (sites of gas exchanges)

conducting zone

(zone) tubes to get air from the atmosphere there; brings air. Consists of upper respiratory tract and trachea, bronchi and bronchioles

pulmonary ventilation

moving air in and out

right lung

this side of the lung has three lobes

left lung

this side of the lung has 2 lobes

inhalation

air gets drawn into your lungs and pectoralis minor muscles contract. chest cavity increases and pressure in lungs decreases

exhalation

air forces out of lungs and pectoralis muscles relax. chest cavity decreases in size and pressure within the lungs increases

respiratory zone

(zone) site of gas exchange

Alveoli

functional units of the respiratory system; minute sacs are where oxygen from air diffuses into the blood. covered with capillaries to increase surface area

high to low

what's the concentration gradient — goes from what to what ?

external respiration

gas exchange in the lungs: the alveolus- capillary relationships. oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuses into blood